{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:02:35Z","timestamp":1788246155438,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While obesity is linked to increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk via inflammatory and metabolic pathways, conflicting evidence suggests a protective effect \u201cobesity paradox.\u201d This meta\u2010analysis investigates the association between various anthropometric measures and AD risk, focusing on age\u2010dependent differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase for studies assessing the association between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist\u2010hip ratio (WHR), and AD risk. Thirty\u2010eight studies were included, and a random\u2010effects model was used to calculate pooled effect sizes (EF). Subgroup analyses and meta\u2010regressions examined age\u2010specific relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Underweight BMI was associated with borderline increased risk (ES: 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00\u20131.64), and obese BMI was associated with decreased risk (ES: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64\u20130.95). However, when stratified by age, overweight and obesity were protective on AD among aged\u2009\u2265\u200960\u2009years (ES range: 0.81\u20130.90), but risk\u2010enhancing for individuals aged\u2009&lt;\u200960\u2009years (ES range: 1.65\u20132.45). Weight loss increased AD risk, especially in older individuals (ES: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.58). A dose relationship between BMI and AD risk indicated increased risk at both low and high extremes, while higher BMI was protective in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta\u2010analysis revealed a complex, age\u2010dependent association between obesity and AD, supporting the obesity paradox in older adults. These findings underscore the importance of age\u2010specific considerations along with obesity management strategies for AD prevention and emphasize the need for further research to elucidate underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T06:01:32Z","timestamp":1766815292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Obesity Paradox in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Anthropometric Measures and Age\u2010Dependent Effects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jeongmin","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Gachon University  Incheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6408-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanhyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4430-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youjin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Global Status Report on the Public Health Response to Dementia","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2025.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2024.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afv151"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Weight Loss in Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia and Dementia With Lewy Bodies: Impact on Mortality and Hospitalization by Dementia Subtype","volume":"37","author":"Soysal P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03357-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-331034"},{"issue":"71","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page M. 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