{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:53:17Z","timestamp":1792086797623,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023233","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the causal effect of adiposity on mental illnesses by summarizing and assessing evidence from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Searches were conducted on Embase, Medline, and Web of Science from database inception to September 22nd, 2025. Studies using MR study designs that estimated adiposity measures including body mass index, abdominal adiposity, peripheral adiposity, or body composition in relation to mental illnesses were included. Outcomes were the presence or severity of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post\u2010traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and related psychotic disorders. Study quality was assessed with a scoring system reflecting MR study guidelines. Data were pooled in meta\u2010analyses using random\u2010effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty\u2010seven studies with 215 MR estimates were included in the systematic review, and 23 studies with 44 MR estimates were included in meta\u2010analyses. Pooled estimates suggested that general adiposity was causally associated with depression (OR: 1.09, 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200994%), but the effect size was modest and there was high heterogeneity. Subgroup differences by sex in the causal relationship were not observed (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.318). There was suggestive evidence for causal associations of adiposity with schizophrenia and OCD; however, these analyses were characterized by high imprecision and heterogeneity. The evidence for other mental illnesses remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General adiposity appears to be causally associated with depression, suggesting psychological benefits of weight management. Evidence for causal associations between adiposity and other mental illnesses remains suggestive or uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:54:52Z","timestamp":1779231292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Causal Role of Adiposity in Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Mendelian Randomization Studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre Warneford Hospital  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Doody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Discipline of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1955-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios A.","family":"Koutoukidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yebo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Peking University Health Science Centre  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Aveyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre Warneford Hospital  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padraig C.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Evaluation IoHMa \u201cGlobal Health Data Exchange (GHDx) \u201d (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2016.04.016","article-title":"The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity","volume":"45","author":"Sarwer D. 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