{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:44:07Z","timestamp":1783100647716,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>How caregiver infant\u2010feeding practices and infant\u2010feeding environment outcomes are measured in obesity prevention intervention trials is crucial to accurately examine intervention effects. This scoping review identified what and how outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) are used to measure eight infant\u2010feeding practice and two feeding environment outcomes that are included in a core outcome set.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to\u200918.09.23, with an updated search conducted 18.09.25. Eligible trials included infants \u2264\u20091\u2009year old and at least one infant\u2010feeding practice or infant\u2010feeding environment OMI. Article titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened independently in duplicate. Data were narratively synthesized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty\u2010five trials in 26 articles were included. Questionnaires were the most used OMI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918); individual questions (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), ecological momentary assessment (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091), vignettes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091), and ratings of videotaped parent\u2013child interactions (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092) were also used. OMIs were predominantly researcher\u2010administered and completed in caregivers' homes. Responsive infant\u2010feeding and pressuring the child to eat were the most examined infant\u2010feeding practices outcomes; the feeding environment was only examined in five trials. Reporting of OMIs often lacked clarity\/completeness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide an essential first step to improve the measurement of infant\u2010feeding practices and feeding environment to prevent childhood obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:32:38Z","timestamp":1781760758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What Outcome Measurement Instruments Are Used to Measure Caregiver Infant\u2010Feeding Practices and the Feeding Environment: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Matvienko\u2010Sikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8832-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eibhl\u00edn","family":"Looney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7669-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reindolf","family":"Anokye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Birken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sickkids Research Institute and the Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation Deakin University  Geelong Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Dahly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University College Cork  Cork Ireland"},{"name":"HRB Clinical Research Facility Cork University College Cork  Cork County Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann S.","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice University College Cork  Cork County Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimity","family":"Dutch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Golley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5492-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4443-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Leahy\u2010Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery University College Cork  Cork County Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health &amp; Wellbeing, Strategy &amp; Research, Healthcare Strategy Health Service Executive  Dublin County Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8712-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery University College Cork  Cork County Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Board Primary Care Clinical Trials Network Ireland University of Galway  Galway County Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Redsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences The University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-2826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline B.","family":"Terwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam North Holland the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Methodology  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Global Atlas on Childhood Obesity","author":"World Obesity Federation","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13526","article-title":"A New Paradigm for Investigating the Etiology of Obesity in Early Childhood: Exposure to Added Sugars and Hyper\u2010Palatable Foods in Infancy and Dysregulation of Food Reinforcement Processes","volume":"24","author":"Fazzino T. 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