{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T07:25:44Z","timestamp":1787383544328,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether obesity\u2010related socio\u2010economic disadvantages in wages, employment, and workplace discrimination equally affect women compared to men in high\u2010income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched databases and Google Scholar from inception to March 2025. Data on wages, employment, and perceived discrimination were pooled using random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis where possible. Primary effect measures were obesity\u2010versus\u2010comparison ratios for continuous outcomes (wage ratio, WR) and odds ratios (OR) for dichotomous outcomes, each with 95% confidence intervals (CI), stratified by women versus men. Heterogeneity was assessed using the\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 3495 screened citations, 17 studies (2004\u20132021) were included. Pooled effect estimates suggested greater socio\u2010economic disadvantages among women with obesity, although subgroup differences were not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Meta\u2010analysis revealed a significant wage penalty overall (WR\u2009=\u20090.95, 95% CI: 0.91\u20130.99;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200993.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), which appeared larger for women (WR\u2009=\u20090.91, 95% CI: 0.82\u20131.01) than men (WR\u2009=\u20090.96, 95% CI: 0.95\u20130.98). The association between obesity and employment was nonsignificant overall (OR\u2009=\u20090.94, 95% CI: 0.86\u20131.02), with a larger effect estimate for women (OR\u2009=\u20090.86, 95% CI: 0.69\u20131.06) than men (OR\u2009=\u20090.96, 95% CI: 0.87\u20131.05). Individuals with obesity were over four times more likely to report workplace discrimination (OR\u2009=\u20094.62, 95% CI: 1.04\u201320.53), with a higher, but not statistically significant, estimate for women (OR\u2009=\u20095.65, 95% CI: 0.57\u201355.89) than men (OR\u2009=\u20094.37, 95% CI: 0.24\u201379.14). Narrative synthesis confirmed consistent wage and employment penalties for women with obesity across countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In high\u2010income countries, obesity is associated with socio\u2010economic disadvantages. A consistent pattern of stronger associations was observed for women, though statistical evidence for sex differences remains inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T06:56:15Z","timestamp":1787381775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender Inequality and Socio\u2010Economic Disadvantages Associated With Obesity in Women Compared to Men: A Rapid Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Observational Studies From High\u2010Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3812-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana Ama Asi","family":"Danso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul P.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5261-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navindhra","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"},{"name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3977-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Atlantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute Western Sydney University  Campbelltown NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01398-y","article-title":"Economic Costs of Obesity: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Nagi M. 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