{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1792115102242,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10093560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10093560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10106435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding obesity involves evaluating numerous contributing factors. Collecting the necessary data for this can impose a significant burden on both research participants during clinical studies and real\u2010life deployments of digital tools aiding obesity management. The BETTER4U project (European Union's Horizon Europe, Grant Agreement ID 101080117) introduces 36 behavioral and 9 living environment indicators designed to unobtrusively and efficiently capture daily life through passive monitoring using market\u2010available smartphones and smartwatches while accounting for environmental confounders. This concise set, intended for dietitians, physical activity experts, and healthcare professionals as a standard for assessing obesity\u2010related behavior, summarizes the behavioral and environmental profile of a person with obesity\/overweight. We present the selected indicators, their selection and implementation methodology and the high\u2010level plan for their verification, describing their conceptual foundations and technical realization. These indicators can be deployed in a modular framework: by transforming raw sensor data into structured, interpretable measures they provide a scalable foundation for long\u2010term monitoring of obesogenic behaviors, individual assessment, and evaluation of interventions targeting physical activity, diet, stress, and sleep. The indicators are intended for an expert\u2010facing dashboard within the BETTER4U Intervention Platform, a participant\u2010side interface within the BETTER4U application, and as input to the BETTER4U AI\u2010based causal model, supporting relationship modeling between behavior, environment, and obesity outcomes to inform personalized interventions. This work lays the basis for data\u2010driven validation of these indicators following the \u201cBETTER4ALL Pilot Study\u201d (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ID: NCT07120802), ahead of their use in the BETTER4U RCT among individuals with obesity\/overweight.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:01:11Z","timestamp":1792112471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Behavioral and Environmental Facets of Obesity Unobtrusively Utilizing Digital Tools: Introducing the BETTER4U Indicators"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6211-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysa","family":"Episkopou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Aletras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afroditi","family":"Kita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4704-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Luszczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, CARE\u2010BEH Center for Applied Research on Health Behavior and Health SWPS University  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9665-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Kafyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education Harokopio University  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Karaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greece &amp; European Centre for Obesity Harokopio University  Athens Greece"},{"name":"Greece &amp; Institute of Agri\u2010food and Life Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre  Crete Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Manios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greece &amp; European Centre for Obesity Harokopio University  Athens Greece"},{"name":"Greece &amp; Institute of Agri\u2010food and Life Sciences Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre  Crete Greece"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health University of Navarra, CIBERobn; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA)  Pamplona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maira","family":"Bes\u2010Rastrollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC) Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Huddinge (MedH) Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Ioakeimidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greece &amp; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics University of Thessaly  Trikala Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna Panagiota","family":"Kalafati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education Harokopio University  Athens Greece"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Din\u00e2micas Sociais e Sa\u00fade Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Dr Ricardo Jorge  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4356-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Rito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"biobank.cy, Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research University of Cyprus  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Kyriacou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyfe Institute, Ecully, France and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rh\u00f4ne\u2010Alpes, Univ\u2010Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAE UMR1397 Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1  Pierre B\u00e9nite France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anestis","family":"Dougkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine \u2010 Rh\u00f4ne\u2010Alpes, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, U1060, Univ Lyon Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1  Pierre\u2010B\u00e9nite France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3545-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie Anne","family":"Nazare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford Institute for Health Research Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Seconda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradford Institute for Health Research Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0427-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Santorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Cagliari  Monserrato Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassilios","family":"Fanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karri","family":"Silventoinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2555-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terho","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George V.","family":"Dedoussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education Harokopio University  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8220-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Delopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"of the BETTER4U consortium, Project Coordinator George Dedoussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Obesity Rate by Body Mass Index (BMI)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Obesity and Overweight","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.08.022","article-title":"Association of Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Metabolic Syndrome With Obesity: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004","volume":"207","author":"Nguyen N. T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Surgeons"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0243-x","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture","volume":"33","author":"Hruby A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: Global Epidemiology and Pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Bl\u00fcher M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-88","article-title":"The Incidence of Co\u2010Morbidities Related to Obesity and Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guh D. P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm004","article-title":"Genetic Epidemiology of Obesity","volume":"29","author":"Yang W.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(16)00271\u20103"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12180","article-title":"Behavioural Treatment Strategies Improve Adherence to Lifestyle Intervention Programmes in Adults With Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Burgess E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12183","article-title":"Determinants of Adherence to Lifestyle Intervention in Adults With Obesity: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Burgess E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Obesity"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13885","article-title":"Determinants of Adherence to Obesity Medication: A Narrative Review","volume":"26","author":"Sharma A. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/16925","article-title":"Mobile Health Apps in Pediatric Obesity Treatment: Process Outcomes From a Feasibility Study of a Multicomponent Intervention","volume":"8","author":"Browne S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02265-4","article-title":"The Potential Role of Digital Health in Obesity Care","volume":"39","author":"Hinchliffe N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2023-000770","article-title":"MyFitnessPal Smartphone Application: Relative Validity and Intercoder Reliability Among Dietitians in Assessing Energy and Macronutrient Intakes of Selected Filipino Adults With Obesity","volume":"7","author":"Banal M. G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01568-4","article-title":"Attitudes of Healthcare Professionals and Researchers Toward Wearable and App Derived Patient Generated Health Data","volume":"8","author":"Br\u00fcckner S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001953","article-title":"The Rise of Consumer Health Wearables: Promises and Barriers","volume":"13","author":"Piwek L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103594","article-title":"Health Wearable Devices for Weight and BMI Reduction in Individuals With Overweight\/Obesity and Chronic Comorbidities: Systematic Review and Network Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"55","author":"McDonough D. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23088","article-title":"Self\u2010Monitoring via Digital Health in Weight Loss Interventions: A Systematic Review Among Adults With Overweight or Obesity","volume":"29","author":"Patel M. L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.10.010","article-title":"The Long\u2010Term Effectiveness of a Lifestyle Intervention in Severely Obese Individuals","volume":"126","author":"Unick J. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3422158","article-title":"Mobile and Wearable Sensing Frameworks for mHealth Studies and Applications: A Systematic Review","volume":"2","author":"Kumar D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3526794","article-title":"A System for Objectively Measuring Behavior and the Environment to Support Large\u2010Scale Studies on Childhood Obesity","volume":"29","author":"Papapanagiotou V.","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23078","article-title":"Effect of Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Energy Expenditure and Weight Loss in Severe Obesity\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"29","author":"Berge J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3821","article-title":"Physical Activity and Incident Obesity Across the Spectrum of Genetic Risk for Obesity","volume":"7","author":"Brittain E. L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7554-y","article-title":"Is the Goal of 12,000 Steps Per Day Sufficient for Improving Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome? The Necessity of Combining Exercise Intensity: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"19","author":"Chiang T. L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003468","article-title":"Consumption of Ready\u2010Made Meals and Increased Risk of Obesity: Findings from the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg (ORISCAV\u2010LUX) Study","volume":"113","author":"Alkerwi A. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15922","article-title":"Ultra\u2010Processed Foods Cause Weight Gain and Increased Energy Intake Associated with Reduced Chewing Frequency: A Randomized, Open\u2010Label, Crossover Study","volume":"26","author":"Hamano S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030880","article-title":"Fast Eating Is Associated with Increased BMI Among High\u2010School Students","volume":"13","author":"Fagerberg P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.96","article-title":"Association Between Eating Rate and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Ohkuma T.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112624","article-title":"Timing of Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. Effects on Obesity and Metabolic Risk","volume":"11","author":"Lopez\u2010Minguez J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172842","article-title":"A Dietary Intervention in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Leads to Weight Loss Irrespective of Macronutrient Composition","volume":"16","author":"Kafyra M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103495","article-title":"The iMPROVE Study; Design, Dietary Patterns, and Development of a Lifestyle Index in Overweight and Obese Greek Adults","volume":"13","author":"Kafyra M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081884","article-title":"Associations of VEGF\u2010A\u2010Related Variants with Adolescent Cardiometabolic and Dietary Parameters","volume":"15","author":"Kafyra M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21421-y","article-title":"A Feasibility Study to Assess Mediterranean Diet Adherence Using an AI\u2010Powered System","volume":"12","author":"Papathanail I.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.05.023","article-title":"Associations Between Poor Sleep Quality and Different Measures of Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Rahe C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12444","article-title":"Sleep Quality and Obesity in Young Subjects: A Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Fatima Y.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000276","article-title":"Disturbances of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Novel Risk Factors for Obesity","volume":"23","author":"Broussard J. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000262524","article-title":"Role of Sleep and Sleep Loss in Hormonal Release and Metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Leproult R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrine Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00066-1","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability in Obesity and the Effect of Weight Loss","volume":"83","author":"Karason K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Cardiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.03.011","article-title":"Stress in Obesity: Cause or Consequence?","volume":"77","author":"Foss B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.08.008","article-title":"Relationship Between Stress, Eating Behavior, and Obesity","volume":"23","author":"Torres S. J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.137638","article-title":"Proximity of Fast\u2010Food Restaurants to Schools and Adolescent Obesity","volume":"99","author":"Davis B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12116","article-title":"Abdominal Obesity and Its Association With Socioeconomic Factors Among Adolescents From Different Living Environments","volume":"12","author":"Costa de Oliveira Forkert E.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatric Obesity"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.11.033","article-title":"The Link Between Local Environment and Obesity: A Multilevel Analysis in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal","volume":"68","author":"Santana P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","volume-title":"Social and Environmental Factors Influencing Obesity","author":"Lee A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101240","article-title":"Overweight\/Obesity Relationship With Travel Patterns, Socioeconomic Characteristics, and Built Environment","volume":"22","author":"Patil G. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Transport & Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03577-8","article-title":"Walking and Cycling, as Active Transportation, and Obesity Factors in Adolescents From Eight Countries","volume":"22","author":"Ferrari G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2022.101486","article-title":"OS\u2010WALK\u2010EU: An Open\u2010Source Tool to Assess Health\u2010Promoting Residential Walkability of European City Structures","volume":"27","author":"Fina S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Transport & Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/14707","article-title":"Accuracy of Optical Heart Rate Sensing Technology in Wearable Fitness Trackers for Young and Older Adults: Validation and Comparison Study","volume":"8","author":"Chow H. W.","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Rosenbach A.Itzkovith andY.Gidron \u201cAssessing Garmin's Stress Level Score Against Heart Rate Variability Measurements \u201d preprint bioRxiv (2025):2025\u20132001 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.01.06.630177.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.06.630177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2025.100974","article-title":"Are You Stressed or Just Excited? What the Garmin Stress Score Can Say About Your Mood","volume":"21","author":"Mee D. J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","unstructured":"\u201chttps:\/\/developers.google.com\/maps\/documentation\/places\/web\u2010service\/op\u2010overview\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/overpass\u2010api.de\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/gisco\/geodata\/population\u2010distribution\/geostat."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2984907","article-title":"A Data Driven End\u2010to\u2010End Approach for In\u2010the\u2010Wild Monitoring of Eating Behavior Using Smartwatches","volume":"25","author":"Kyritsis K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"The Effects of Training on Heart Rate: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"35","author":"Karvonen M.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14376","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3387834","article-title":"Transportation Mode Recognition Based on Low\u2010Rate Acceleration and Location Signals With an Attention\u2010Based Multiple\u2010Instance Learning Network","volume":"25","author":"Siargkas C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16003-x","article-title":"Quantification of Acceleration as Activity Counts in ActiGraph Wearable","volume":"12","author":"Neishabouri A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6030063","article-title":"An Improved DBSCAN Algorithm to Detect Stops in Individual Trajectories","volume":"6","author":"Luo T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo\u2010Information"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89289-0","volume-title":"Value Sets for EQ\u20105D\u20105L: A Compendium, Comparative Review & User Guide","author":"Devlin N.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70083","article-title":"Advancing Personalized Strategies for Obesity Prevention Through Biologically and Behaviorally Tailored Interventions: The Strategic Framework for the BETTER4U Initiative","volume":"27","author":"Kafyra M.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479\u20105868\u20108\u2010115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902\u2010019\u20100469\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20101781(89)90047\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.8224"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s44167-023-00026-4","article-title":"The Associations Between Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep With Mortality and Incident Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, Diabetes and Mental Health in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"2","author":"Duncan M. J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Activity, Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669","article-title":"Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"124","author":"Lavie C. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0993","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Relationship to Arterial Stiffness in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) Study","volume":"42","author":"Shah A. S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.7870\/cjcmh-2022-014","article-title":"A Scoping Review of the Definition of Walkability and Its Relationship With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms","volume":"41","author":"Warner E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health"}],"container-title":["Obesity Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/obr.70242","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/obr.70242","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/obr.70242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:01:18Z","timestamp":1792112478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/obr.70242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/obr.70242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.70242","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-7881","1467-789X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-7881","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-789X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70242"}}