{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:40:45Z","timestamp":1790192445643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To differentiate a symmetric face from an asymmetric face by analyzing a three\u2010dimensional (3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>) facial image and plotting the asymmetry index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>) on a facial symmetry diagram.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and Sample Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty healthy <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hinese adults (30 men and 30 women, mean age: 27.7\u00a0+\u00a04.9\u00a0years old) without any craniofacial deformity were recruited on a voluntary basis from a medical center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> facial image of each participant was captured by a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GENEX<\/jats:styled-content> 3D <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FACE CAM<\/jats:styled-content> system. Sixteen facial landmarks, as defined by Farkas, were selected on each 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> facial image. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content> was calculated for each landmark.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The norm for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content> varied from 0.76 to 2.82. The landmarks located on the upper face had a smaller <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content> than the landmarks located on the lower face. A facial symmetry diagram was designed according to the mean, one standard deviation, and 2\u00a0standard deviations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content> for each landmark.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content> facial asymmetry can be documented with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content>. The landmarks located on the upper face had a smaller <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AI<\/jats:styled-content> than the landmarks located on the lower face. The facial symmetry diagram can identify efficiently the location of asymmetry on a face.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,4]],"date-time":"2012-12-04T19:25:51Z","timestamp":1354649151000},"page":"97-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Facial asymmetry index in normal young adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"C. S.","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Craniofacial Research Center Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Dental &amp; Craniofacial Science Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X. Q.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. 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