{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:31:58Z","timestamp":1791271918043,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three\u2010dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and Sample Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Faces of 37 twin pairs [19 monozygotic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content>) and 18 dizygotic (DZ)] were laser scanned at the age of 15 during a follow\u2010up of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>von <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ongitudinal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>arents and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hildren (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALSPAC<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>outh <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>est of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>ngland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facial shape was analysed using two methods: 1) Procrustes analysis of landmark configurations (63 <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> y<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> coordinates of 21 facial landmarks) and 2) three\u2010dimensional comparisons of facial surfaces within each twin pair. Monozygotic and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> twins were compared using ellipsoids representing 95% of the variation in landmark configurations and surface\u2010based average faces. Facial symmetry was analysed by superimposing the original and mirror facial images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both analyses showed greater similarity of facial shape in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> twins, with lower third being the least similar. Procrustes analysis did not reveal any significant difference in facial landmark configurations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> twins. The average faces of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> males were coincident in the forehead, supraorbital and infraorbital ridges, the bridge of the nose and lower lip. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> females, the eyes, supraorbital and infraorbital ridges, philtrum and lower part of the cheeks were coincident. Zygosity did not seem to influence the amount of facial symmetry. Lower facial third was the most asymmetrical.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three\u2010dimensional analyses revealed differences in facial shapes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DZ<\/jats:styled-content> twins. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors is different for the upper, middle and lower facial thirds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T19:20:48Z","timestamp":1355858448000},"page":"146-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Djordjevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health Cardiff University Dental Hospital Cardiff Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Jadallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health Cardiff University Dental Hospital Cardiff Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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