{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:28:35Z","timestamp":1778009315232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate pharyngeal airway changes in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>ierre <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>obin sequence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRS<\/jats:styled-content>) longitudinally from childhood to adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and Sample Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cleft Lip and Palate Unit, Clinic of Orthodontics, University of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>urich. Twenty\u2010four patients born between 1970 and 1990 with non\u2010syndromic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lateral cephalograms at age 5 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>1), 10 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>2), 15 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>3) and 20 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>4)\u00a0years were available. Variables describing pharyngeal airway dimensions, soft palate morphology, tongue and hyoid position, skeletal morphology and head posture were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant increase in nasopharyngeal depth was found over the entire observation period (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>1 10.7 to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>4 19.1\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), especially between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>3 (change 3.8\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and was mainly due to adenoid recession (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.75, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; variation explained by 56%). Increase in velopharyngeal depth mainly took place between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>3 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>4 (change 2.3\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). It was due to more anterior tongue posture (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; 42.5% of variation explained), in turn allowing the soft palate to take a more vertical position (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.52, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Increase in oropharyngeal depth was associated with head extension and anterior mandibular positioning (36% of variation explained). However, significance was not reached (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>1 8.3 to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>4 9.8\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upper airway dimensions in children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRS<\/jats:styled-content> improve with time, except for the oropharyngeal airway. Despite large interindividual variation, the mean remained in the lower reaches of normality described in other studies. Thus, further research should investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in adults with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T11:14:28Z","timestamp":1359371668000},"page":"202-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Upper airway changes in <scp>P<\/scp>ierre <scp>R<\/scp>obin sequence from childhood to adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"C. B.","family":"Staudt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleft Lip and Palate Unit Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. 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