{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:14:39Z","timestamp":1775733279374,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-DE020078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DE020078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several reports have demonstrated a relationship between second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial shape, suggesting that prenatal sex hormones play a role in the development of the craniofacial complex. Using 3D surface imaging and geometric morphometrics, we test the hypothesis that decreased digit ratio (indicative of increased prenatal androgen exposure) is associated with a more masculine facial phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>3D facial surface images and digit measures were collected on a sample of 151 adult males. Facial landmarks collected from the images were aligned by Procrustes superimposition and the resulting shape coordinates regressed on 2D:4D. Variations in facial shape related to 2D:4D were visualized with deformable surface warps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant statistical relationship was observed between facial shape variation and 2D:4D (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0084). Lower 2D:4D ratio in adult males was associated with increased facial width relative to height, increased mandibular prognathism, greater nasal projection, and increased upper and lower lip projection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A statistical relationship between 2D:4D and facial shape in adult males was observed. Faces tended to look more masculine as 2D:4D decreased, suggesting a biologically plausible link between prenatal androgen exposure and the development of male facial characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T11:17:04Z","timestamp":1411643824000},"page":"21-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Prenatal sex hormones, digit ratio, and face shape in adult males"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"S. M.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. E.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z. D.","family":"Raffensperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Marazita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01528.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330900206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113312108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108312108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9136-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"The 3D Facial Norms Project: a phenotypic and genotypic repository","volume":"91","author":"Weinberg SM","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20892"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-6-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30959"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200605000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Craniofacial Anthropometry: Practical Measurement of the Head and Face for Clinical, Surgical and Research Use","author":"Kolar JC","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"Visualizing facial shape regression upon 2nd to 4th digit ratio and testosterone","volume":"29","author":"Schaefer K","year":"2005","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2006.00359.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","volume-title":"Facial Growth","author":"Enlow DH","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2009.09.004"}],"container-title":["Orthodontics &amp; Craniofacial Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Focr.12055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ocr.12055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T03:28:11Z","timestamp":1696217291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ocr.12055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ocr.12055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1601-6335","1601-6343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1601-6335","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-6343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]]}}}