{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:10:42Z","timestamp":1778749842709,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004799","name":"Australian Dental Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004799","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glypican 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1) and glypican 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3) are bone co\u2010regulators that act downstream in many of the signalling pathways associated with craniosynostosis. Morphometric data from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010knockout mice were analysed to determine whether elimination of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3 genes would alter mandibular morphology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and sample population<\/jats:title><jats:p>The murine model included five male and five female mandibles in each of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010knockout, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010knockout and wild\u2010type (control) groups. Female <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010knockout mice had a very high rate of perinatal lethality, and therefore, only five males were included in this group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mandibular morphology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010knockout (n=10), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010knockout (n=5), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010knockout (n=10) and wild\u2010type (n=10) mice was compared by analysing five landmark\u2010based linear dimensions: anterior and posterior lengths, as well as ascending, descending and posterior heights. Measurements were recorded on three\u2010dimensional micro\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> reconstructions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010knockout mandibles were larger than wild\u2010type mandibles for all dimensions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05). Mandibular heights were more affected than lengths. A decreasing trend of mandibular dimensions across the mouse groups (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010knockout&gt;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2010knockout&gt;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010knockout=wild\u2010type) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05) indicated that an increase in mandibular size was associated with increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression, but not <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alterations in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPC<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression are likely to mediate changes to mandibular size in craniosynostosis. These findings have potential future applications in the prevention and treatment of craniosynostosis and associated craniofacial dysmorphology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T13:06:25Z","timestamp":1492693585000},"page":"183-187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Alterations in mandibular morphology associated with glypican 1 and glypican 3 gene mutations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Mian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Dental School The University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1957-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Ranjitkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Dental School The University of Adelaide  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. 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