{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:01:38Z","timestamp":1776132098255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RP-PG-0707-10034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-0707-10034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aims of this study were to describe child behavioural and psychosocial outcomes associated with appearance and speech in the Cleft Care <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCUK<\/jats:styled-content>) study. We also wanted to explore centre\u2010level variation in child outcomes and investigate individual predictors of such outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and sample population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and sixty\u2010eight five\u2010year\u2010old children with non\u2010syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UCLP<\/jats:styled-content>) recruited to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCUK<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDQ<\/jats:styled-content>) and reported their own perceptions of the child's self\u2010confidence. Child facial appearance and symmetry were assessed using photographs, and intelligibility of speech was derived from audio\u2010visual speech recordings. Centre\u2010level variation in behavioural and psychosocial outcomes was examined using hierarchical models, and associations with clinical outcomes were examined using logit regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UCLP<\/jats:styled-content> had a higher hyperactive difficulty score than the general population. For boys, the average score was 4.5 vs 4.1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.03), and for girls, the average score was 3.8 vs 3.1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=.008). There was no evidence of centre\u2010level variation for behaviour or parental perceptions of the child's self\u2010confidence. There is no evidence of associations between self\u2010confidence and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDQ<\/jats:styled-content> scores and either facial appearance or behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children born with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UCLP<\/jats:styled-content> have higher levels of behaviour problems than the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T09:15:12Z","timestamp":1498727712000},"page":"40-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Centre\u2010level variation in behaviour and the predictors of behaviour in 5\u2010year\u2010old children with non\u2010syndromic unilateral cleft lip: The Cleft Care <scp>UK<\/scp> study. Part 5"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Waylen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Dental School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Applied Statistics Helwan University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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