{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:02:30Z","timestamp":1791424950657,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008333","name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008333","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005648","name":"American Association of Orthodontists Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3KL2TR001419\u201003S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3KL2TR001419\u201003S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Root resorption due to orthodontic tooth movement may adversely affect the root\u2010crown (R\/C) ratios of permanent teeth, especially in patients with Short Root Anomaly (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRA<\/jats:styled-content>), a poorly understood disorder affecting root development. Evaluation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRA<\/jats:styled-content> R\/C ratios to normal dentition would facilitate diagnosis and orthodontic treatment planning. However, reference values are not available for all ethnicities. Our goal was to determine R\/C ratios of permanent teeth and their relationship to gender and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting\/Sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study of 333 patients (109 Caucasians, 112 African Americans and 112 Hispanics) from the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials\/Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Root lengths and crown heights were measured from panoramic radiographs of 6241 teeth using modified Lind's method. A linear mixed model was used to compare the R\/C ratios of teeth among subgroups (gender, ethnicity).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean R\/C ratios varied from 1.80 to 2.21 for the maxillary teeth and 1.83\u20102.49 for the mandibular teeth. Gender differences in R\/C ratios were found to be significant only for the lower central incisors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Hispanics showed significantly lower ratios for most teeth compared to the other two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). There were significant differences in R\/C ratios between African Americans and Caucasians in the upper lateral incisors, lower central incisors and lower first premolars (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that ethnicity is an important factor in determining the R\/C ratios of permanent teeth. Therefore, when diagnosing developmental conditions such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SRA<\/jats:styled-content>, ethnic group\u2010specific reference values should be considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T20:21:03Z","timestamp":1547670063000},"page":"99-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Ethnic differences in the root to crown ratios of the permanent dentition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Rousso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna I.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung How","family":"Kau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"MacDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ejvis","family":"Lamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry  Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Short Root anomaly","volume":"80","author":"Lind V","year":"1972","journal-title":"Scand J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. 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