{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:03:49Z","timestamp":1784822629533,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01DE024732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE024732"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the potential of predicting adult facial types at different stages of mandibular development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and Sample Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 941 participants from the Bolton\u2010Brush, Denver, Fels, Iowa, Michigan and Oregon growth studies with longitudinal lateral cephalograms (total of 7166) between ages 6\u201021\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each participant was placed into one of three facial types based on mandibular plane angle (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>) from cephalograms taken closest to 18\u00a0years of age (range of 15\u201021\u00a0years): hypo\u2010divergent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&lt;\u00a028\u00b0), normo\u2010divergent (28\u00b0\u2264\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0\u2264\u00a039\u00b0) and hyper\u2010divergent (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPA<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0&gt;\u00a039\u00b0). Cephalograms were categorized into 13 age groups 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18\u201021. Twenty\u2010three two\u2010dimensional anatomical landmarks were digitized on the mandible and superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis, which projects landmarks into a common shape space. Data were analysed within age categories using stepwise discriminant analysis to identify landmarks that distinguish adult facial types and by jackknife cross\u2010validation to test how well young individuals can be reclassified into their adult facial types.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although each category has multiple best discriminating landmarks among adult types, three landmarks were common across nearly all age categories: menton, gonion and articulare. Individuals were correctly classified better than chance, even among the youngest age category. Cross\u2010validation rates improved with age, and hyper\u2010 and hypo\u2010divergent groups have better reclassification rates than the normo\u2010divergent group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The discovery of important indicators of adult facial type in the developing mandible helps improve our capacity to predict adult facial types at a younger age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T07:31:27Z","timestamp":1557473487000},"page":"154-162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Predicting adult facial type from mandibular landmark data at young ages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6029-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heesoo","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Research Instrumentation Lab Department of Orthodontics University of Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Knigge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Missouri Orthopaedic Institute University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Missouri Orthopaedic Institute University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Duren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Missouri Orthopaedic Institute University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Valiathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics School of Dental Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Missouri Orthopaedic Institute University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology Lab Department of Anthropology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(79)90274-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Prediction of facial growth","volume":"44","author":"Hixon EH","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and estimate of its growth","volume":"27","author":"Ricketts RM","year":"1957","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Analysis of the dentofacial profile","volume":"26","author":"Downs WB","year":"1956","journal-title":"Angle 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