{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:07:01Z","timestamp":1793383621191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholar Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["201609110098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201609110098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the three\u2010dimensional (3D) changes occurring at short\u2010 and long\u2010term follow\u2010up after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in nasal cavity (NC) and upper airway (UA) in growing patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search up to 1 July 2019 was performed. Randomized and non\u2010randomized clinical trials and cohort studies comparing the effects of RME in a paediatric population using 3D analyses based on computed tomography (CT), cone\u2010beam CT and MRI were included. The risks of bias of the included studies were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool, the GRADE approach and a customized tool. The random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses of the mean differences and 95% confidence intervals of NC and UA volume changes were carried out, followed by subgroup analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010seven studies were included, with 18 selected for quantitative synthesis. Immediately after expansion, the nasopharynx and oropharynx increased significantly. After 3\u00a0months of retention, only the NC and nasopharynx showed a significant volume increase. Two studies mentioned the use of a sleep\u2010disordered breathing questionnaire, and one study reported the difference before and after RME. None of the 27 articles included assessed the correlation between the skeletal widening and NC or UA volume changes after RME.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The existing evidence confirmed only the short\u2010term positive effect of RME on expanding the volume of the NC and the upper part of the UA. However, long\u2010term stability could not be sustained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]],"date-time":"2020-04-05T11:38:31Z","timestamp":1586086711000},"page":"250-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional analyses of short\u2010 and long\u2010term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal cavity and upper airway: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3991-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Orthodontics Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Health Aarhus University Aarhus 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