{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T09:46:01Z","timestamp":1782294361198,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005648","name":"American Association of Orthodontists Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Full\u2010fixed appliance orthodontic treatment (commonly called braces) increases plaque accumulation and the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis. However, little consensus exists on changes to subgingival microbiota and specific periodontopathogens during treatment with braces. Prior studies have been hampered by selection biases due to dependence on culture conditions, candidate\u2010based PCR and shallow sequencing methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective was to provide the first longitudinal, culture\u2010free and deep\u2010sequence profiling of subgingival bacteria in subjects during early stages of full\u2010fixed orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed 16S rRNA next\u2010generation sequencing (NGS) on 168 subgingival samples collected at 4 distinct mandibular tooth sites per subject before (0 weeks) and during (6 and 12 weeks) orthodontic intervention in 9 experimental and 5 control subjects not undergoing treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, we noted that orthodontic intervention led to increased microbial richness, accompanied by an increased incidence of localized gingivitis\/mild periodontitis in subjects requiring orthodontic treatment compared to controls, as well as significant baseline variations in subgingival microbiomes in all subjects. Moreover, we confirmed individual\u2010 and site\u2010dependent microbiome variability (in particular, the lingual site harboured higher microbiome diversity than buccal sites) that orthodontic bands may lead to more prolonged shifts in microbial changes compared to brackets, and evidence of adaptive enrichment of consensus bacteria with orthodontic intervention (12 novel, consensus bacterial species were identified).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study, along with evolving global profiling methods and data analyses, builds a strong foundation for further analyses of subgingival microbiomes during full\u2010fixed orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T13:00:53Z","timestamp":1632056453000},"page":"260-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Alterations in subgingival microbiota during full\u2010fixed appliance orthodontic treatment\u2014A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Isaac","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics University of California San Francisco (UCSF) San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine Farmington CT USA"},{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT 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