{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:25:27Z","timestamp":1789676727143,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wax typodonts are widely used as pre\u2010clinical teaching tools to test and research the complex force systems created by archwire activations, however, a limitation is the inability to quantify the resultant statically indeterminate tooth movements. The aim of this study was to develop an analogue\u2010to\u2010digital typodont system to quantify the effects of archwire activations on individual typodont teeth in three dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The typodont system was developed using CAD\/CAM technology. Posterior expansion, squared, tapered, asymmetrical arch forms and reversed curve of Spee activations were tested with three repeats. The resulting three\u2010dimensional movements of individual typodont teeth were assessed with six degrees of freedom (\n                      <jats:italic>df<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Cartesian coordinate systems were set for each tooth. Mesio\u2010distal, bucco\u2010lingual and intrusive\u2013extrusive movements were assessed as changes in the location of the geometrically estimated centre of resistance in the\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      axes, respectively. Torque, tip and rotation movements were assessed as the rotations around the mesio\u2010distal, bucco\u2010lingual and intrusive\u2013extrusive axes, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individual typodont tooth displacements from each activation could reliably be described with six\n                      <jats:italic>df<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The transversal\u2010to\u2010sagittal movement ratio ranged from 2:1 to 7:1, depending on the activation. Asymmetrical arch form activations caused a midline shift and affected the lateral overjet. Reversing the curve of Spee led to intrusion of incisors and second molars, extrusion of premolars and first molars and pronounced first and third order effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The digital typodont system is a promising teaching tool. The tested activations have implications in three dimensions, which should be considered when planning tooth movements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T06:00:32Z","timestamp":1664517632000},"page":"285-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional digital assessment of typodont activations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Austin","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona Alison","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, 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