{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T14:41:11Z","timestamp":1696430471307},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presented study investigates differences in the biomechanics of straight and mushroom fixed lingual appliances when implementing coil springs and stops for anterior arch expansion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An in vitro orthodontic simulator was used to measure three\u2010dimensional forces and moments on each tooth of a simulated maxillary arch. Mushroom and straight archwire forms of 0.016\u2033 NiTi round archwire were considered, using 0.010\u2033 \u00d7\u20090.030\u2033 NiTi open coils and 0.016\u2033\u20100.018\u2033 archwire stops (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200944 per group). Teeth in the anterior dental arch were moved from a neutral to crowded position to replicate anterior crowding of central and lateral incisors. Forces and moments of interest for lateral incisors and first premolars were compared using repeated measures mixed multivariate analysis of variance (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three comparisons between straight versus mushroom archwires and two comparisons of coil springs vs. stops were not statistically significant. Overall, it was found that the use of a straight lingual archwire produced larger differences in forces and moments between using stops and coil springs than when using a mushroom archwire. Using stops produced larger forces and moments for both types of archwires as compared to using coil springs. The largest expansion forces were produced using straight archwires with stops, exceeding 3.0\u00a0N of force. Straight archwires with coil springs produced the lowest expansion forces on lateral incisors, just exceeding 1.5\u00a0N.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this study have elucidated significant differences in the biomechanics of transverse arch expansion using straight or mushroom fixed lingual appliances with coil springs or stops.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T09:53:40Z","timestamp":1676886820000},"page":"531-538","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The in vitro biomechanics of anterior arch expansion using fixed lingual appliances with coil springs or archwire stops"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gieson","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason P","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul W","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan L.","family":"Romanyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(79)90211-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"Adult orthodontics: perils and pitfalls","volume":"8","author":"McDonald F","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Lingual orthodontics as an aesthetic resource in the preparation of orthodontic\/surgical treatment","volume":"25","author":"Kairalla SA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.58328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1465313313Y.0000000058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2010.12.011","article-title":"Archwire load\u2010deflection characteristics relative to different types of brackets","volume":"9","author":"Lombardo L","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Vertical forces in labial and lingual orthodontics applied on maxillary incisors \u2013 a theoretical approach","volume":"74","author":"Geron S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"e20","article-title":"Torque control during intrusion on upper central incisor in labial and lingual bracket system \u2013 a 3D finite element study","volume":"10","author":"Pol TR","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Frictional resistance exerted by different lingual and labial brackets: an in vitro study","volume":"18","author":"Lombardo L","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/0003-3219(2007)077[0509:BPILVL]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjw082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/010520-859.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Biomechanics in Clinical Orthodontics","author":"Nanda R","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Orthodontics &amp; 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