{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T20:23:22Z","timestamp":1773519802525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early orthopaedic treatment with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) associated with facemask (FM) has been shown to be effective in correcting Class III malocclusions in children. Treatment with pushing splints 3 (PS3) has shown to correct skeletal discrepancies in Class III growing patients. However, the effects of orthopaedic treatment on the upper airways in children with Class III malocclusion is controversial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the cephalometric changes in the airways of PS3 compared to the RME\/FM protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 48 patients with Class III malocclusion (age range 5.5\u20138.5\u2009years old) were selected for this study, and 24 were treated with PS3 appliance and 24 with RME\/FM therapy. Lateral cephalograms before (T0) and at the end of the treatment (T1) were analysed to compare pharyngeal spaces. Paired and unpaired t tests were used for data analysis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 41 patients (21 patients for the PS3 group, 11 males and 10 females, mean age 7.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2\u2009years; 20 patients for the RME\/FM group, 10 males and 10 females, mean age 7.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3\u2009years) were included. The results showed a statistically significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) increase in the nasopharyngeal space after both therapies. However, the effects were similar considering that there were no differences between groups for the assessed variables at T0\u2013T1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early treatment of Class III malocclusion with PS3 does not induce a statistically significant increase in the sagittal airway space compared to RME\/FM. The absence of untreated group could not define the role of growth in the increase of space.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T08:24:25Z","timestamp":1708158265000},"page":"552-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cephalometric changes of pushing splints 3 compared to rapid maxillary expansion and facemask therapy on the airway space in class <scp>III<\/scp> growing patients: A randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Galeotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome 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