{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:43:50Z","timestamp":1777081430631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31971247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Class II elastics treatment, the mandible is subject to sustained protraction. The study aimed to investigate the morphological and histological changes resulting from sustained mandibular protraction, through establishment of a novel model in rat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010eight 4\u2010week\u2010old male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, including the 50 and 100\u2009cN protraction groups, and the control. In the two protraction groups, NiTi coil springs were fixed between the metal bands on the maxillary incisors and mandibular molars to pull the mandible forward. CBCT scans were taken immediately before (T0), 2\u2009weeks (T1) and 4\u2009weeks (T2) after the traction. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed at T1 and T2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increase of the condylar process length and angular process length were significantly larger in the two protraction groups than that in the control; however, the condylar process angle (\u2220CPA) was significantly reduced by the protraction at T2, leading to decreased condylar height. The protraction decreased the condylar cartilage thickness at T1, which recovered to the control level at T2, with no significant changes detected in the expression of SRY\u2010related high mobility group\u2010box gene 9 (SOX9) and type II collagen (COL II), two chondrogenic markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The established rat model is manoeuvrable and reliable, which exerts sustained and measurable mandibular protraction. The sustained protraction increases the lengthening of the mandibular condylar process, but alters its growth direction by causing it to turn downwards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T12:24:22Z","timestamp":1730982262000},"page":"279-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sustained Protraction Increases Lengthening of the Mandibular Condylar Process Whilst Changes Its Growth Direction in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naiqi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology Mianyang Central Hospital  Mianyang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengyi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7412-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Skeletal Malocclusion: A Developmental Disorder With a Life\u2010Long Morbidity","volume":"6","author":"Joshi N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.11.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.01.014"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Functional Treatment of Patients With Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Using Low\u2010Level Laser Therapy\u2010Assisted Twin\u2010Block Appliance: A Three\u2010Arm Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Abdulhadi A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Is There Any Enhanced Treatment Effect on Class II Growing Patients When Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device Is Reinforced by Either Miniplates or Miniscrews? 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