{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:26:18Z","timestamp":1787163978764,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The objective of this systematic review was to summarise the existing evidence regarding hyoid bone position and upper airway morphology of children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Electronic searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and WorldCat databases without any restrictions on language from inception to March 2024. The studies which compared the hyoid bone position and upper airway morphology using lateral cephalograms between children with and without OSA will be included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale, and the meta\u2010analysis was conducted utilising random\u2010effects model. Twelve cross\u2010sectional studies and one case\u2013control study were included. One study was rated as low quality, three as medium quality, five as high quality, and four as very high quality. Meta\u2010analysis showed that compared to healthy children, children with OSA tended to have increased distance between hyoid bone and mandibular plane (Hy\u2010MP, MD: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.90 to 4.77,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.00001,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200972%), increased distance between hyoid bone and cervical vertebra (Hy\u2010C3, MD: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.46,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200968%), and a smaller airway space behind the soft palate (U\u2010MPW, MD: \u22123.07, 95% CI: \u22124.76 to \u22121.38,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0004,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200968%). Whereas there was no significant difference in inferior posterior airway space between children with OSA and healthy controls (IPAS, MD: \u22121.51, 95% CI: \u22123.37 to 0.35,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.11,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200971%). In children with OSA, the hyoid bone may exhibit a more anterior and inferior position and the airway posterior to the soft palate demonstrated a narrower dimension.\n                    <jats:bold>Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    PROSPERO (CRD42024528171)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T07:05:31Z","timestamp":1731395131000},"page":"394-409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hyoid Bone Position and Upper Airway Morphology of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Centre for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Dentofacial Deformities in Children, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ngan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susu","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2438-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Dentofacial Deformities in Children, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Centre for Evidence\u2010Based Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Centre for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry at Optics Valley Branch, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Centre for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Dentofacial Deformities in Children, School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University  Wuhan 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