{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:20:38Z","timestamp":1790565638248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surface\u2010based three\u2010dimensional (3D) cephalometry provides detailed clinical information for the analysis of craniofacial structures. This study aimed to develop an automated 3D surface cephalometry system using mesh fitting based on landmarks identified by artificial intelligence (AI) and to evaluate its accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 185 CBCT images from adult Japanese patients (system training,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009152; evaluation,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200933) were used in this study. Cranial and mandibular images were generated via surface rendering of CBCT images. An experienced orthodontist manually recognised 19 and 45 3D landmarks for the cranium and mandible, respectively, and used them as the gold standard after they were checked by another experienced orthodontist. An AI system developed using PointNet ++ was trained to output landmark coordinates based on surface data and normal vectors. Mesh fitting (homologous modelling) was then conducted using the AI\u2010identified landmarks. The errors in mesh fitting were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean errors for wire mesh fittings with AI\u2010identified landmarks for the maxilla and mandible were 0.80\u2009\u00b1\u20090.57\u2009mm and 1.45\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34\u2009mm, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An AI\u2010based landmark identification system and mesh fittings that demonstrate clinically acceptable accuracy were presented. This system can be applied in clinical settings to quantify and visualise craniofacial structures in three dimensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The automated 3D surface cephalometry system utilising mesh fitting based on AI\u2010identified landmarks showed clinically acceptable accuracy. This allows orthodontists to compare a patient's craniofacial surface with normative data, without the need for manual landmark identification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T17:12:13Z","timestamp":1741713133000},"page":"636-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of Artificial Intelligence\u2010Supported Automatic Three\u2010Dimensional Surface Cephalometry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-2900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chihiro","family":"Tanikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University  Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Research &amp; Innovation BIPROGY Incorporated Company  Koto\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Mimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Management Division UEL Corporation  Koto\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yume","family":"Uemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University  Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yamashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University  Suita Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Three\u2010Dimensional Cephalometry: A Color Atlas and Manual","author":"Swennen G. R.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20140282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2022.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-016-1453-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2875814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab7a71"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3099509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97116-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2022.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.02.002"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Three\u2010Dimensional Cone Beam Computerized Tomography in Dentistry","volume":"25","author":"Palomo J. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dentistry Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/28403350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.20.2.083-089.oar"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-016-1490-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.05.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.10095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"C. R.Qi L.Yi H.Su andL. J.Guibas \u201cPointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spac.\u201d arXiv; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(71)90028-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-015-1173-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106380"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-023-01629-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11070629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275033"}],"container-title":["Orthodontics &amp; Craniofacial Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ocr.12914","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T13:33:52Z","timestamp":1766496832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ocr.12914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ocr.12914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12914","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1601-6335","1601-6343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1601-6335","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-6343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}