{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:54:14Z","timestamp":1782521654725,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Craniosynostosis is a condition characterised by the premature fusion of cranial sutures, which can lead to significant neurodevelopmental and aesthetic issues if not diagnosed and treated early. This study aimed to systematically review and conduct a meta\u2010analysis of studies utilising machine learning (ML) models to diagnose craniosynostosis in photographs or radiographs from humans, evaluating their accuracy through sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus until October 2024 regarding the following PECO question: \u2018Should ML models (E) be used to diagnose craniosynostosis in photographs or radiographs from humans (P) compared to a reference standard (C) based on their sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (O)?\u2019. Studies employing ML to diagnose craniofacial deformities on photographs and radiographs of human subjects were included. Using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS\u20102), the risk of bias was assessed. A bivariate random\u2010effect meta\u2010analysis was conducted to pool the diagnostic odds ratio, sensitivity and specificity of the included studies. The GRADE approach was used to evaluate the overall strength of the clinical recommendation and estimated meta\u2010evidence. An initial search yielded 685 articles. After screening, 47 articles were selected for a full\u2010text review. Eventually, 28 studies were selected for the systematic review, and 17 were included in the meta\u2010analysis. The results, with an overall moderate certainty, indicated an AUC of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98\u20131.00), an overall sensitivity of 97% (95% CI: 94%\u201398%) and an overall specificity of 97% (95% CI: 94%\u201399%). The estimated pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 1131 (95% CI: 290\u20134419). The present study showed that the ML approaches possess high efficiency and applicability in the diagnosis of craniosynostosis in photographs or radiographs from humans. These findings affirm that ML models should be considered viable diagnostic tools for craniosynostosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T11:26:02Z","timestamp":1744370762000},"page":"733-751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Applications of Machine Learning in Image Analysis to Identify Craniosynostosis: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nozhan","family":"Azimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katayoun","family":"Talebi Rafsanjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Khanmohammadi Khorami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences School of Dentistry  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asghar","family":"Ebadifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2024.101747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm-21-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.9.PEDS20605"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"1488","article-title":"Use of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Current Clinical Trends and Research Advances","volume":"87","author":"Nguyen T. 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