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Tongue Dorsum Excursion Index and Tongue Constraint Position Index (TCPI) were calculated using ultrasound, and VP insufficiency (VPI) indices were measured using pressure flow assessment and compared with qualitative\u2010perceptual ratings by Speech\u2010Language Pathologists (SLPs). Linear mixed\u2010effects models were used to test for significant post\u2010operative changes in Dorsum Excursion Index and TCPI among consonants. Pressure flow measures are expected to estimate VP gap size during speech using PERCI\u2010SARS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with CLP had significantly lower Dorsum Excursion Index for \/k\/ before front (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and back vowels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). TCPI revealed consistently lower values for patients with CLP than controls and Class III patients, with inter\u2010 and intra\u2010speaker variation for all consonants. Pressure flow data of two patients with CLP showed evidence of VPI and altered nasality post\u2010surgery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with CLP present with lower Dorsum Excursion Index and TCPI when compared to controls, suggesting more anterior tongue positioning. Dorsum Excursion Index and TCPI can be used to understand tongue shape and movement changes, potentially elucidating functional effects of jaw surgery on speech. Dorsum Excursion Index and pressure flow data indicate increased compensatory articulations and VPI after orthognathic surgery for patients with CLP, impacting speech.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T10:58:11Z","timestamp":1744369091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Lingual Ultrasound Study of Speech in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate Following Orthognathic Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Griffin","family":"Lowry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9059-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Rezende Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannene","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Center, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Craniofacial Center, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Turvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Blakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Zajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Center, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9882-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Mielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1923-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Anne","family":"Jacox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2021.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60695-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656211025926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Evaluation and Management of Cleft Lip and Palate: A Developmental Perspective","author":"Zajac D. 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