{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:44:42Z","timestamp":1793835882938,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of cosmetics, particularly lipstick, has historically enhanced facial appeal. This study evaluates laypeople's perceptions of the attractiveness and employability of two female models from different age groups, each with varying malocclusions, both with and without lipstick.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study involved 77 lay participants who assessed digitally edited photographs of young and older female models with varying malocclusions (IOTN 1, 3 and 5), each shown with and without red lipstick. Eye\u2010tracking technology and questionnaires were used to evaluate perceptions of attractiveness and employability. Data were analysed using one\u2010way ANOVA and post hoc tests, and Pearson's chi\u2010squared test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>IOTN 1 with lipstick was rated 49.71\u2009\u00b1\u200925.74 and without lipstick 47.88\u2009\u00b1\u200925.44. These were significantly higher than IOTN 3 with lipstick (40.62\u2009\u00b1\u200924.16; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015), IOTN 3 without lipstick (39.23\u2009\u00b1\u200923.85; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), IOTN 5 with lipstick (34.25\u2009\u00b1\u200924.77; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and IOTN 5 without lipstick (31.39\u2009\u00b1\u200923.30; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Employability ratings also varied significantly when comparing IOTN 1 and IOTN 5 images (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Eye\u2010tracking heat maps revealed that the mouth was the primary area of visual focus across all conditions, regardless of lipstick use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malocclusion significantly impacts visual attention and attractiveness perception, with the mouth being the primary focus. While lipstick influences attention dispersion, it does not shift the main focus from the mouth. Heat map analysis confirmed that the mouth area remains the primary focus across all images, regardless of lipstick use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T11:18:53Z","timestamp":1749295133000},"page":"836-843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of Lipstick Application on the Attractiveness of Smile in Women With and Without Malocclusions: An Eye\u2010Tracking Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8955-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil Guilherme","family":"Gasparello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Life Sciences Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Do Paran\u00e1  Curitiba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9862-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Jamal","family":"Bark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Life Sciences Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Do Paran\u00e1  Curitiba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna Purkote","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Do Paran\u00e1  Curitiba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosilene Andrea","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PUCRS  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"ABO\u2010PR  Curitiba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6834-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Life Sciences Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Do Paran\u00e1  Curitiba Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Oruro  Oruro Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1052-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Life Sciences Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Do Paran\u00e1  Curitiba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"759","article-title":"Smile Attractiveness. Self\u2010Perception and Influence on Personality","volume":"77","author":"Geld P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"The Impact of the Popular Media on Cosmetic Dentistry","volume":"102","author":"Theobald A. H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Zealand Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Why Women Use Makeup: Implication of Psychological Traits in Makeup Functions","volume":"59","author":"Korichi R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cosmetic Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272923"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p6730"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5952643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2022.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-022-00399-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2004104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05416-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_539_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.8.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.4.1150"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"828","article-title":"Lip Attractiveness: A Cross\u2010Cultural Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Heidekrueger P. I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surgery Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2001.tb03382.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12401"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1465312519888926"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8870270"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-021-00353-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"771","article-title":"Objective Measures as Indicators for Facial Aesthetics in White Adolescents","volume":"77","author":"Kiekens R. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjh093"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"The Impact of Dental Appearance on the Appraisal of Personal Characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Newton J. T.","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Prosthodontics"}],"container-title":["Orthodontics &amp; Craniofacial Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ocr.12947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T07:21:41Z","timestamp":1757402501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ocr.12947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ocr.12947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12947","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1601-6335","1601-6343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1601-6335","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-6343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}