{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:13:39Z","timestamp":1791238419807,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association between vertical and sagittal facial profile characteristics and the diagnosis\/severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) based on hospital\u2010based polysomnography (PSG) in children attending their first orthodontic visit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3671 children aged 7 to 9\u2009years who attended a private practice for a first orthodontic consultation were included. Apnea\/Hypopnea Index (AHI) was measured from PSG, while vertical and skeletal facial profile characteristics were assessed according to the Modified Sassouni Analysis on lateral cephalogram. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare sagittal and vertical patterns among patient subgroups divided according to AHI (AHI\u2009=\u20090, AHI 1\u20133, AHI 4\u20135, AHI 6\u201310, AHI\u2009\u2265\u200911).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No statistically significant difference was found in the AHI according to gender (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.84) and age (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.61). It was observed that 87.3% of children with AHI \u2265\u200911 had a long facial pattern, whereas those with low AHI values (AHI\u2009=\u20090 or 1 \u2264\u2009AHI \u2264\u20093) were mostly classified as having a normal vertical pattern (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, children with AHI \u2265\u200911 presented with a Class II facial profile or maxillomandibular retrusion, while children with maxillomandibular protrusion and a Class I profile had lower AHI values (AHI\u2009=\u20090 or 1 \u2264\u2009AHI \u2264\u20093,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Class II profile, maxillomandibular retrusion, and increased anterior lower facial height are highly present in severe OSA children between the ages of 7 to 9\u2009years. Therefore, orthodontists are encouraged to consider the possibility of breathing issues in children presenting with such craniofacial features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.70020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T12:39:23Z","timestamp":1757075963000},"page":"497-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Facial Patterns and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children Seeking for Orthodontic Treatment: Data From 3671 Polysomnographic Recordings"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8382-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek","family":"Mahony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"},{"name":"Private Practice  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niroj","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cascella","family":"Simona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences University of Naples Federico II  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bucci","family":"Rosaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences University of Naples Federico II  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Borb\u00e9ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Petocz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences School of Medicine, Stanford University  Redwood City California USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry at the University of the Pacific  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"K\u00e1rp\u00e1ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry University of Szeged  Szeged Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Sleep in Children: Physiology and Update of a Literature Review","volume":"79","author":"Rana M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2009.00772.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0190-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2021.1908218"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2007.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200707-111MG"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children","volume":"66","author":"Perez C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"General Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.3.379"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","article-title":"Trends in Diagnosing Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatrics","volume":"9","author":"Kang M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2009.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-N0262"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183235"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1672"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"\u201cRelationship Between Sleep Respiration Architecture and Childhood Enuresis: Correlates Between Polysomnography and Questionnaire|Request PDF \u201d ResearchGate [Internet] (2024) https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/352599142_Relationship_between_sleep_respiration_architecture_and_childhood_enuresis_Correlates_between_polysomnography_and_questionnaire."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00342-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Correlation Between Cephalometric Variables and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Severity in Children","volume":"20","author":"Galeotti A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjac074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13282"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9893-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.03.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Skeletal Classification System for Describing Maxillary and Mandibular A\u2010P Relationship Using a Modified Sassouni Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Jefferson Y.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of General Orthodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9904"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12070225"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.929165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children7120260"},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"3965","article-title":"Craniofacial Morphology and Airflow in Children With Primary Snoring","volume":"20","author":"Luzzi V.","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Oral Breathing and Dental Malocclusions","volume":"10","author":"Zicari A. 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