{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:35:51Z","timestamp":1792179351085,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is an uncommon congenital disease of the craniofacial complex. While there are \u2018classic\u2019 facial manifestations of TCS, they present with a wide range of variability. Face2Gene (F2G) is a deep\u2010learning algorithm that can provide differential diagnoses of syndromes via analysis of 2\u2010dimensional facial images. This may aid early recognition of TCS, thus improving early multidisciplinary management. Our primary aim is to evaluate and compare the performance of F2G in TCS patients of various races. The secondary aim will be to correlate the pathognomonic facial features of these TCS patients with the diagnostic stratification by F2G.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Publicly available images of TCS patients of White (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200981), Chinese (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200923), and Indian (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200923) race were sourced for and screened prior to inclusion for documentation of facial dysmorphological features and F2G evaluation. The diagnostic sensitivity of F2G and computed gestalt score of TCS for each image were then derived. Statistical analysis for correlation between clinical features and F2G\u2010derived gestalt scores for the TCS patients was performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 127 images of TCS patients were analysed by F2G. A high diagnostic accuracy of 93.7% was obtained. However, F2G was less confident when diagnosing Asians with TCS than White individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Malar hypoplasia was less prevalent in Indian TCS patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, multidimensionality reduction showed no significant differences across the racial groups. Certain facial features were associated with higher model certainty in TCS diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>F2G is a useful diagnostic adjunct for TCS. Nonetheless, further training on non\u2010White datasets may help improve model certainty in diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.70113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T11:45:41Z","timestamp":1773315941000},"page":"680-687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of a Facial Dysmorphology Analysis Algorithm (Face2Gene) in Identifying Treacher Collins Syndrome Amongst Diverse Population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie Han Timothy","family":"Sng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry National University Centre for Oral Health, National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas Jun Jie","family":"Hue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery National Dental Centre Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2642-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Rubio\u2010Palau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u  Esplugues de Llobregat Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u  Esplugues de Llobregat Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2008.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0929\u20106646(09)60194\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201260"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"Treacher Collins Syndrome: Correlation Between Clinical and Genetic Linkage Studies","volume":"3","author":"Dixon M. 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