{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:17:11Z","timestamp":1788517031847,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013115","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-Level Innovative Health Talents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013115","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To precisely identify the three\u2010dimensional (3D) centre of rotation (CoR) of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) in patients undergoing rapid palatal expansion with a maxillary skeletal expander (MSE) using a heuristic search algorithm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this retrospective study, 17 adult patients (mean age 24.0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.0\u2009years) with maxillary constriction were treated with MSE. Cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were acquired before treatment (T0) and after the active expansion phase (T1). A heuristic search algorithm was applied to 3D reconstructed models to iteratively compute the patient\u2010specific CoR by minimising the error between predicted and actual displacements of 10 ZMC landmarks. A 95% 3D confidence ellipsoid analysis was performed to quantify the spatial distribution and variability of CoRs. Landmark displacements were statistically analysed using paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant lateral, anterior and inferior displacements were observed in all ZMC landmarks following MSE expansion. The algorithm identified the CoR for each side not as a fixed anatomical point but as a confined 3D region with individual variability. After standardisation, the CoR was consistently located biomechanically near the superior orbital fissure, approximately aligned with the orbital longitudinal axis in the coronal plane. The 95% confidence ellipsoid further confirmed the regional distribution and side\u2010related differences in CoR variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During MSE expansion, the ZMC undergoes complex 3D rotational movement around a patient\u2010specific yet spatially consistent biomechanical region near the superior orbital fissure. This updated understanding of midfacial biomechanics may support more personalised and mechanics\u2010guided orthodontic treatment planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: MR\u201033\u201025\u2010072630<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.70135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:44:06Z","timestamp":1778157846000},"page":"877-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three\u2010Dimensional Evaluation of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Displacement and Rotational Centre in Adults Induced by Maxillary Skeletal Expander, Analysed With\n                    <scp>CBCT<\/scp>\n                    and Heuristic Search Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical, Zhejiang\u2010Singapore International Joint Laboratory of Oral Bioengineering  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital Tongji University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0122-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical, Zhejiang\u2010Singapore International Joint Laboratory of Oral Bioengineering  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical, Zhejiang\u2010Singapore International Joint Laboratory of Oral Bioengineering  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical, Zhejiang\u2010Singapore International Joint 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4948-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuepeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical, Zhejiang\u2010Singapore International Joint Laboratory of Oral Bioengineering  Hangzhou Zhejiang 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