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We investigated four controversial topics on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content>: (i) How can a microbiological determination of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> be made as <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>andida<\/jats:italic> spp. are commensal yeasts and not all of them form hyphae or pseudohyphae during infection? (ii) Is median rhomboid glossitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRG<\/jats:styled-content>) a manifestation of candidal infection? (iii) Can candidal infection cause palate papillary hyperplasia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPH<\/jats:styled-content>)? (iv) What is the best therapeutic treatment for denture\u2010associated erythematous stomatitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAES<\/jats:styled-content>)? Results from extensive literature searches, including a systematic review, suggested the following: (i) the diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OC<\/jats:styled-content> merely on the basis of the presence of yeasts is an oversimplification of a complex process. No convincing evidence of a single test or method better able to discriminate the transition from candidal saprophytism to pathogenicity has been reported in the literature; (ii\u2013iii) conclusive evidence of a direct aetiopathogenic relationship between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRG<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPH<\/jats:styled-content> and candidal infection has not been found; and (iv) only limited evidence is available for any <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAES<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, thus making it impossible to make strong therapeutic recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]],"date-time":"2012-08-14T15:57:38Z","timestamp":1344959858000},"page":"245-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Urban legends series: oral candidosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine, Pathology and Laser\u2010assisted Surgery Unit University of Parma Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Polonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Microbiology Unit University of Parma Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JM","family":"Aguirre\u2010Urizar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology Units of Oral Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Dental Clinic Service University of the Basque Country\/EHU Leioa Vizcaya Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Carrozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MJ","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. 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