{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:06:33Z","timestamp":1791047193104,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,4]],"date-time":"2013-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The parasympathetic transmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content>) increases salivary gland blood flow and evokes protein secretion and, in some species, such as rats, a small fluid secretion. It interacts synergistically with muscarinics for protein and fluid output. Human salivary acini are supplied with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010containing nerves. We hypothesise that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> and clozapine, acting together, evoke a volume of saliva greater than the sum of those induced by each drug given separately. It was further considered whether, in the current test situation, circulatory events influenced the magnitude of the secretory response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saliva from parotid glands deprived of their autonomic innervation, and saliva and blood from innervated submandibular glands were collected in adrenoceptor antagonist\u2010pretreated pentobarbitone\u2010anaesthetised rats. Initially, the individual and then the combined effects of intravenous doses of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> and clozapine were established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The submandibular volume response to the combination was 2\u20133 times higher, while blood pressure and glandular blood flow did not differ from those to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> alone. The synergism occurred independent of nerves as shown in denervated parotid glands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the current preclinical data, we speculate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content> of parasympathetic origin, by its synergistic interaction with clozapine, may contribute to the clozapine (muscarinic M1\u2010receptor)\u2010induced sialorrhoea in schizophrenics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,18]],"date-time":"2013-05-18T07:18:53Z","timestamp":1368861533000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Parasympathetic vasoactive intestinal peptide (<scp>VIP<\/scp>): a likely contributor to clozapine\u2010induced sialorrhoea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Institute of Neuroscience and 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