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The level of adiponectin was quantified by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>. Adiponectin\u2010related signaling molecules and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines were examined by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> or immunoblotting. Apoptosis was evaluated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TUNEL<\/jats:styled-content> staining, flow cytometry, and caspase 3 activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adiponectin and AdipoR1\/2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and protein were expressed in submandibular glands. Adiponectin immunostaining was widely diffused in the cytoplasm of acinar and ductal cells. AdipoR1 was mainly distributed in acinar cytoplasm, while AdipoR2 was predominantly located at acinar cell membrane. Submandibular adiponectin levels were reduced during the progression of autoimmune sialoadenitis in 7\u2010, 14\u2010, and 21\u2010week\u2010old NOD mice, while AdipoR1\/2 levels were unchanged. The levels of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate\u2010activated protein kinase, extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase 1\/2, and p38 mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase were decreased, while interferon (IFN)\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and glandular apoptosis were temporally increased at all time points. Moreover, exogenous adiponectin supplement inhibited, whereas neutralizing endogenous adiponectin by its antibody promoted IFN\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced apoptosis and caspase 3 activation in cultured submandibular acinar cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adiponectin plays a protective role on submandibular cells. Decreased adiponectin might promote glandular destruction in autoimmune sialoadenitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T08:11:48Z","timestamp":1382083908000},"page":"744-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Decreased submandibular adiponectin is involved in the progression of autoimmune sialoadenitis in non\u2010obese diabetic mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Y\u2010C","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 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