{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:52:45Z","timestamp":1788871965164,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001631","name":"University College Dublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is a debilitating condition characterized by recurrent occlusions of the pharyngeal airway during sleep accompanied by arterial hypoxaemia. Upper airway muscle dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Pharmacological agents that improve muscle contractile and endurance properties may have therapeutic value.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We tested the hypothesis that the\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline improves rat sternohyoid muscle performance especially during hypoxic stress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Isometric contractile and endurance properties were examined\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Krebs solution at 35\u00b0C. Muscles were incubated in tissue baths under hyperoxic (95% O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/5%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) conditions in the absence (control) or presence of the\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline (1\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      M). In additional experiments under hypoxic (95% N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/5%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) conditions, the effects of terbutaline were examined in the presence of the\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (1\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      M).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypoxia significantly impaired sternohyoid force production. Terbutaline completely recovered hypoxic depression of force, an effect that was blocked by co\u2010application with propranolol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline completely recovers hypoxic depression of upper airway muscle force.\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010adrenoceptor agonists warrant investigation in animal models of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OSAS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      reporting upper airway and diaphragm muscle dysfunction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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