{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:17:07Z","timestamp":1789877827401,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Finska L\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdkares\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdllskapet"},{"name":"Sairaala ORTON"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005634","name":"The Finnish Dental Society Apollonia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005634","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was hypothesized that beta 2 defensin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102) is increased in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAU<\/jats:styled-content> lesions compared with healthy controls to promote anti\u2010microbial host defence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAU<\/jats:styled-content> and control mucosa samples were subjected to quantitative real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and immunostained for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>68, mast cell tryptase and 4\u2010hydroxynonenal (4<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNE<\/jats:styled-content>). The effect of tumour necrosis factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>)\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0interleukin\u201017C (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017C), without and with vitamin K3, was studied on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 expression in epithelial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCC<\/jats:styled-content>\u201025 cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although BD\u20102 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> did not differ between healthy and RAU mucosa, BD\u20102 stained strongly in acute\u2010phase RAU epithelium (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001). In controls, subepithelial BD\u20102<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells were mast cells and macrophages, whereas in RAU, most infiltrating leucocytes were BD\u20102<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004). In cell culture, BD\u20102 was increased 124\u2010fold by TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and 208\u2010fold synergistically together with IL\u201017C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). 4HNE staining of RAU epithelium was not significantly increased, and vitamin K3\u2010induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) did not affect BD\u20102.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti\u2010microbial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 was not affected by oxidative stress but was highly increased in the epithelial and immigrant cells in the acute\u2010phase <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAU<\/jats:styled-content> lesions, probably in part synergistically by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and epithelial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017C, which are known to be induced by activation of danger\u2010signal receptors by pathogen\u2010 and\/or damage\u2010associated molecular patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T03:42:03Z","timestamp":1400816523000},"page":"292-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Increased beta 2 defensin in recurrent aphthous ulcer"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Al\u2010Samadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Ainola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Hietanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology Institute of Dentistry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"HUSLAB Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"H\u00e4yrinen\u2010Immonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Helsinki Health Care Centre Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YT","family":"Konttinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital of the Invalid Foundation Helsinki 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