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It was observed that high <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> counts and infection are still more prevalent in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive individuals even in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, one or more non\u2010<jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> albicans are present in some <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive individuals. While <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species are more virulent in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, similar virulence may be present in other states of immunosuppression. Consequently, the interplay between host factors and virulence ultimately determines the clinical outcomes. Adverse clinical outcomes such as candidemia and other deep fungal infections are on the increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. Disseminated histoplasmosis and penicilliosis have been reported, especially with low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 counts. Even with advances in antifungal therapy, mortality and morbidity from deep fungal infections have not changed significantly. In addition, long\u2010term exposure to common antifungal drugs such as fluconazole has led to the development of antifungal resistance in 6% to 36%. Development of new antifungal therapeutic agents and the use of alternative therapies may offer breakthrough. 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