{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:04:40Z","timestamp":1791975880317,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008723","name":"Suomen L\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005634","name":"Suomen Hammasl\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4riseura Apollonia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005634","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>) has remained enigmatic, but recent studies suggest pathology within the nervous system at multiple levels. This study aimed to investigate in detail the contribution of either focal or generalized alterations within the peripheral nervous system (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNS<\/jats:styled-content>) in the etiopathogenesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intraepithelial nerve fiber density (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IENFD<\/jats:styled-content>) of tongue mucosa was assessed in 10 carefully characterized <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>, and the results were compared to 19 age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched cadaver controls, 6 with lifetime diabetes. Extensive neurophysiologic and psychophysical examinations of the trigeminal system and distal extremities were performed to profile <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNS<\/jats:styled-content> function in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content> had significantly fewer intraepithelial nerve fibers (0,27, s.e. 0,18\u00a0mm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0253) than non\u2010diabetic controls (0,92, s.e. 0,15\u00a0mm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). In the subepithelial space, the amount of nerve fibers did not differ between the groups. The majority (9\/10) of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content> showed neurophysiologic or psychophysical signs of a more generalized <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNS<\/jats:styled-content> dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results in neurophysiologically optimally characterized <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content> patients confirm that pure focal small fiber neuropathy of the oral mucosa has a role in the pathophysiology of primary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Furthermore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content> may be related to a more generalized, yet subclinical peripheral neuropathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T02:33:33Z","timestamp":1454639613000},"page":"338-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Peripheral nervous system involvement in primary burning mouth syndrome\u2014results of a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Puhakka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Turku University Hospital Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Forssell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry University of Turku Turku 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