{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:22:33Z","timestamp":1791408153432,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Burning mouth syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>) is a chronic oral pain syndrome that primarily affects peri\u2010 and postmenopausal women. It is characterized by oral mucosal burning and may be associated with dysgeusia, paresthesia, dysesthesia, and xerostomia. The etiology of the disease process is unknown, but is thought to be neuropathic in origin. The goal of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of the various treatments for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases, which identified 22 randomized controlled trials. Eight studies examined alpha\u2010lipoic acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALA<\/jats:styled-content>), three clonazepam, three psychotherapy, and two capsaicin, which all showed modest evidence of potentially decreasing pain\/burning. Gabapentin was seen in one study to work alone and synergistically with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALA<\/jats:styled-content>. Other treatments included vitamins, benzydamine hydrochloride, bupivacaine, Catuama, olive oil, trazodone, urea, and Hypericum perforatum. Of these other treatments, Catuama and bupivacaine were the only ones with significant positive results in symptom improvement. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALA<\/jats:styled-content>, topical clonazepam, gabapentin, and psychotherapy may provide modest relief of pain in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Gabapentin may also boost the effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALA<\/jats:styled-content>. Capsaicin is limited by its side effects. Catuama showed potential for benefit. Future studies with standardized methodology and outcomes containing more patients are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T10:59:33Z","timestamp":1488365973000},"page":"325-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review of treatments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"YF","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7503-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JC","family":"Inman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00735.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17226\/13059","volume-title":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Standards for systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. 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