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For example, liquorice derivatives have long been used in the treatment of oral inflammatory conditions and it is now known that a chief constituent of liquorice root, glycyrrhetinic acid, inhibits 11\u03b2\u2010hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11\u03b2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSD<\/jats:styled-content>) type 2 thus increasing local cortisol levels. Hence, targeting the local interconversion between inactive cortisone and active cortisol by 11\u03b2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSD<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitors\/activators offers potentially advantageous strategies for the treatment of oral inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. The recent characterisation of a cancer\u2010associated glucocorticoid system has further extended the implications of cortisol metabolism in oral disease. New evidence now questions the use of synthetic corticosteroids in patients with cancer and, possibly, in oral potentially malignant disorders. For example, cortisol production by cancer cells has been shown to inhibit tumour\u2010specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, to promote migration and invasion and to induce chemoresistance in vitro. This viewpoint briefly summarises the recent evidence for a role of the local steroid metabolism in oral oncology and immunology and its potential clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T14:30:50Z","timestamp":1519655450000},"page":"224-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Role of tissue\u2010specific steroid metabolism in oral disease: Is there any clinical implication?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1429-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC The University of Melbourne  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-200695"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.2.464"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.01.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Glucocorticoids reduce chemotherapeutic effectiveness on OSCC cells via glucose\u2010dependent mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Celentano A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511427909"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","article-title":"Characterisation of the cancer\u2010associated glucocorticoid system: Key role of 11\u03b2\u2010hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2","author":"Cirillo N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23081"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02347618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(03)00139-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61050-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"4251","article-title":"Glucocorticoids augment survival and proliferation of tumor cells","volume":"32","author":"G\u00fcndisch S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70105-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.11.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.02.984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70694-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.37786\/ajom.8","article-title":"The role of the glucocorticoid system in anchorage\u2010independence during progression of squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Kennedy D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Oral Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-012-0560-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199504203321602"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2006.00282.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0159-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"Periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens treated with topical carbenoxolone gel","volume":"199","author":"Samuel O. 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