{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:05:15Z","timestamp":1788314715814,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences in Poland","award":["502-01-01124182-07474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["502-01-01124182-07474"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The etiology of tooth agenesis (TA) is multifactorial and still not fully understood. The aim of the study was to test whether variants of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GREM<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic>, encoding a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist, are associated with the risk of this common dental anomaly in a Polish population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Direct sequencing of the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GREM<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> coding sequence including exon\/intron boundaries was performed in 95 patients with both hypodontia and oligodontia. All identified <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GREM<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> variants were then further tested in an independent group of patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0163) and controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0184).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The previously described, functional <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GREM<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> mutation (c.226C\u00a0&gt;\u00a0G, p.Gln76Glu) was identified in two patients with hypodontia and associated dental anomalies, including taurodontism and microdontia. This mutation generating an allele with increased inhibitory activity was not detected in the control group. The second identified <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GREM<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> variant, c.\u20101\u201021C\u00a0&gt;\u00a0T (rs11806449), was not associated with the risk TA. The polymorphism allele frequency in both patients and controls was 0.21 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.0, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.76\u20131.46). The rs11806449 did not correlate either with the overall <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TA<\/jats:styled-content> phenotype or hypodontia\/oligodontia phenotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study confirmed that <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GREM<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> is a candidate gene for tooth agenesis, which mutations can explain, however, only a small fraction of the genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of this anomaly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T19:52:41Z","timestamp":1507578761000},"page":"591-599","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<i>GREM2<\/i> nucleotide variants and the risk of tooth agenesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4181-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Mostowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Biedziak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Malformation Department of Dental Surgery Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Zadurska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Bogdanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodoctic Clinic Poznan University Hospital of Dentistry and Specialty Medicine  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Olszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Malformation Department of Dental Surgery Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Cie\u015bli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Malformation Department of Dental Surgery Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Firlej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Malformation Department of Dental Surgery Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PP","family":"Jagodzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199712)210:4<383::AID-AJA3>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01125"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0227","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of the eight\u2010membered ring cystine knot\u2010containing bone morphogenetic protein antagonists","volume":"18","author":"Avsian\u2010Kretchmer O.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-0975-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.21.4711"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3035"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1557","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1983","article-title":"Genetic variants in GREM2 are associated with bone mineral density in a southern Chinese population","volume":"98","author":"Cheung C. 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