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Controls included acute GVHD<\/jats:styled-content> (aGVHD<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03), oral lichen planus (OLP<\/jats:styled-content>; n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05), and normal tissues (n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Oral cGVHD<\/jats:styled-content> specimens prior to treatment were mainly characterized by basal cell squamatization, lichenoid inflammation, sclerosis, apoptosis, and lymphocytic exocytosis. The infiltrating cells in oral cGVHD<\/jats:styled-content> primarily consisted of CD<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup>, CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup>, CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup>, CD<\/jats:styled-content>103+<\/jats:sup>, CD<\/jats:styled-content>163+<\/jats:sup>, and FoxP3+<\/jats:sup> cells, which were higher than in normal tissues. Topical dexamethasone or tacrolimus reduced neutrophilic exocytosis, basal cell squamatization, and lichenoid inflammation in oral cGVHD<\/jats:styled-content>, and dexamethasone reduced the number of CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup> and CD<\/jats:styled-content>103+<\/jats:sup> cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>The high expression of CD<\/jats:styled-content>3, CD<\/jats:styled-content>4, CD<\/jats:styled-content>8, CD<\/jats:styled-content>103, CD<\/jats:styled-content>163, and FoxP3 confirms that oral cGVHD<\/jats:styled-content> is largely T\u2010cell\u2010driven with macrophage participation. The impact of topical immunomodulatory therapy was variable, reducing histological inflammatory features, but with a weak clinicopathological correlation. Topical dexamethasone reduced the expression of CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 and CD<\/jats:styled-content>103, which may offer novel therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,2]],"date-time":"2017-12-02T09:02:40Z","timestamp":1512205360000},"page":"580-590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Immunohistopathological characterization and the impact of topical immunomodulatory therapy in oral chronic graft\u2010versus\u2010host disease: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3887-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ACF","family":"Motta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto University of S\u00e3o Paulo Ribeirao Preto SP 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