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Synoviocytes are believed to play a critical role in joint inflammation. However, it is unknown whether synoviocytes from different genders possess sexual dimorphisms that contribute to female\u2010predominant TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>Freund's complete adjuvant combined with monosodium iodoacetate was used to induce TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content> in female and male rats. Histologic and radiographic features were used to evaluate TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content>. The expression of CD<\/jats:styled-content>68, MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, iNOS<\/jats:styled-content>, and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 was detected by immunohistochemistry and real\u2010time PCR<\/jats:styled-content>. Primary fibroblast\u2010like synoviocytes (FLS<\/jats:styled-content>s) isolated from the synovial membrane of female and male rats were used for in vitro experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Female rats showed aggravated TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content> features as compared to male rats. Increased expression of iNOS<\/jats:styled-content> and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 was detected in synovial membrane from female TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content> rats as compared to male rats. Furthermore, greater amounts of CD<\/jats:styled-content>68\u2010positive macrophage infiltration and increased MCP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 expression around the synovial membrane were detected in female TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content> rats compared to males. Primary cultured FLS<\/jats:styled-content>s from female rats showed higher sensitivity to TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 treatment and recruited increased macrophage migration than male FLS<\/jats:styled-content>s. More important, ovariectomy (OVX<\/jats:styled-content>) by ablation in female rats repressed the sensitivity of female FLS<\/jats:styled-content>s to TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 treatment due to the loss of estrogen production. Blockage of the estrogen receptor repressed estrogen\u2010potentiated TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1\u2010induced pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine expression in OVX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010FLS<\/jats:styled-content>s. Moreover, the injection of estrogen receptor antagonists relieved the cartilage destruction and bone deterioration of TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content> in female rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Estrogen\u2010sensitized synoviocytes in female rats may contribute to gender differences in the incidence and progression of TMJOA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T10:25:06Z","timestamp":1527503106000},"page":"1503-1513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sexual dimorphism of estrogen\u2010sensitized synoviocytes contributes to gender difference in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5723-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin\u2010Tong","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng\u2010Jie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Peking 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui\u2010Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da\u2010Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"},{"name":"Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China"},{"name":"Center 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