{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:23:53Z","timestamp":1792671833160,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81530050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81530050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although accumulating evidence indicates that macrophages are central players in the destructive and reparative phases of periodontal disease, their polarization states at different stages of periodontal inflammation remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected gingival biopsies from patients with chronic periodontitis (P group), gingivitis (G group), or periodontally healthy individuals (H group). Polarized macrophages were identified through immunofluorescence. M1\u2010 and M2\u2010related cytokines were detected by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with the H group, the P group had more M1 cells (higher M1\/M2 ratio) and significantly higher TNF\u2010\u03b1, IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20106, and IL\u201012 levels. Although the G group also exhibited higher TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u201012 levels than the H group, they had similar M1\/M2 ratios. The M1\/M2 ratio and IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u20106 levels were significantly higher in the P than the G group. Among M2\u2010related cytokines, IL\u20104 levels were significantly higher in the G than the H group. The M1\/M2 ratio was positively correlated with clinical probing depth (PD), and both were positively correlated with IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u20106. PD was negatively correlated with IL\u20104.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Macrophage polarization in gingival tissue may be responsible for the development and progression of inflammation\u2010induced tissue destruction, and modulating macrophage function may be a potential strategy for periodontal disease management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T23:49:44Z","timestamp":1538783384000},"page":"265-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Macrophage polarization in human gingival tissue in response to periodontal disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Li\u2010Na","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi\u2019an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Sheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi\u2019an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Na","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi\u2019an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi\u2019an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi\u2019an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8398-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fa\u2010Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi\u2019an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8291-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"541","volume":"144","author":"Davies L. 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