{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:41:50Z","timestamp":1789576910658,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the mechanism of and potential contributing factors to temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) caused by oestrogen deficiency with a persistent high bite force.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A TMJOA model was generated by subjecting 6\u2010week\u2010old female rats to ovariectomy (OVX) and feeding them a hard feed. The rats (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a012\/group) were divided into sham (control); OVX; OVX+hard feed (HF); OVX+hard feed+local\u2010joint injection of 17\u03b2\u2010oestradiol (an oestrogen) (E2); and OVX+hard feed+local\u2010joint injection of rapamycin (an autophagy activator) (RAPA)groups. Condyles were stained with haematoxylin\u2010eosin and Safranin O Fast Green. The expression of Beclin 1, LC3 and p\u2010mTOR in condylar cartilages was analysed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tissue staining revealed thinner condylar cartilage, varying numbers or fewer hypertrophic chondrocytes, and lower proteoglycan content in the cartilage matrix of the OVX group. These characteristics were more pronounced in the HF group, but were significantly recovered in the E2 and RAPA groups. Immunohistochemical staining revealed significantly lower autophagic flux in OVX\/HF groups and a higher one in E2\/RAPA groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A persistent high bite force could aggravate TMJOA induced by oestrogen deficiency, and the application of oestrogen or rapamycin could delay its progression. Additionally, autophagy may play a role in the development of TMJOA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T09:12:29Z","timestamp":1635585149000},"page":"1060-1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mechanism and potential contributing factors to temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Tianjin Medical University and Hospital of Stomatology  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7319-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Tianjin Medical University and Hospital of 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