{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:51:12Z","timestamp":1792687872996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell\u2010mediated inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa that has been extensively researched over many years but as yet the mechanisms of pathogenesis are still not fully understood. Whilst the specific aetiological factors driving OLP remain ambiguous, evidence points to the development of a chronic, dysregulated immune response to OLP\u2010mediating antigens presented by innate immune cells and oral keratinocytes leading to increased cytokine, chemokine and adhesion molecule expression. These molecules recruit T cells and mast cells to the diseased site and orchestrate a complex interplay between cells that culminates in keratinocyte cell death, mucosal basement membrane destruction and long\u2010term chronicity of the disease. The main lymphocytes involved are thought to be CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ Th1 polarised T cells although recent evidence indicates the involvement of other Th subsets such as Th9, Th17 and Tregs, suggesting that a more complex immune cell relationship exists during the disease process. This review provides an overview of the immune mechanisms at play in OLP pathogenesis with particular emphasis on the role of the different Th subsets and how these recent discoveries may guide research towards identifying potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T22:54:07Z","timestamp":1643410447000},"page":"1400-1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Immune mechanisms in oral lichen planus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"El\u2010Howati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield  Sheffield United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral Medicine University of Benghazi  Benghazi Libya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Thornhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield  Sheffield United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0053-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen E.","family":"Colley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield  Sheffield United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield  Sheffield United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12598"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12382"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070663"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.12.5366"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.09.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13093"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12197"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201060449\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3695"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.080303"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12260"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/801974"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29186"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v25.i2.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181bc267e"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12898"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1997.tb00453.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060504"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2013.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753\u2010018\u20100934\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1989.tb00402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2021.152072"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.2.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6987"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13323"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.11.3034"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1015312119693"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.13967"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000310"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16935"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2006.00402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u20100825.2008.01448.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1986.tb00622.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896\u20108411(89)90117\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100722.1989.tb01624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803180"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14987"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100714.2003.00077.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590903020759"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.2.459"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_653_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432\u20101033.1994.tb18980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003\u20109969(96)00026\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523\u20101747.ep12345482"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995\u20107645(13)60110\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102230.2003.01158.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u20100825.2010.01670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/701094"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12142"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/925135"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161339"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.63.4.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242648"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172821"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.16\u20100334"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102133.1984.tb06629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13124"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1359\u20106101(98)00024\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18452"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000096"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.3.1146"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12830"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100722.2001.00081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2007.00511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2012.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00929\u201009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102613.2012.00827.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266\u2010011\u20100008\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12094"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v6.i4.608"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/19854"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102133.1989.tb07786.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2012.01160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.6.2904"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12761"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1423"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.07.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13946"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav7561"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973\u2010029X.86674"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12404"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050234"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523\u20101747.ep12523539"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102249.1994.tb05519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1998.tb01917.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102133.2000.03355.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300405"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1988.tb01299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2007.00593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u20100825.2009.01608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1997.tb00031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.4.1333"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2003.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2006.00406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1601\u20100825.2003.00998.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1659"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123\u2010021\u201000168\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.1990.tb00866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12690"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12405"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753\u2010015\u20100167\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v37.i2\u20106.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2007.00560.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596\u2010012\u20100078\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00549"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523\u20101747.ep12606990"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100714.2011.01029.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6029"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u20100825.1997.tb00015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100714.2002.310306.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601\u20100825.2001.70408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110952"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u20100825.1996.tb00241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100560.2001.280203.x"}],"container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/odi.14142","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/odi.14142","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/odi.14142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T11:54:41Z","timestamp":1692705281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/odi.14142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/odi.14142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.14142","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14142\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14142\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14142\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14142\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14142\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14142\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14142\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1354-523X","1601-0825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-523X","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-0825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}