{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:54:37Z","timestamp":1792684477692,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Halitosis is a term that refers to an unpleasant or foul odour originating from the oral cavity\u00a0that can be caused by either intra\u2010oral or extra\u2010oral factors. Despite the fact that halitosis has multifactorial aetiology, intra\u2010oral factors play a significant role in the majority of cases. This systematic review assesses halitosis's intra\u2010oral and extra\u2010oral associations. An electronic search through MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar and the Wiley Online Library was conducted to identify relevant manuscripts. A keywords\u2010based search was performed, using the terms \u2018halitosis\u2019, \u2018bad\u2010breath\u2019, and \u2018oral malodour causes and aetiology\u2019. Articles published from January 2014 to December 2020 were included. We selected studies evaluating the intra\u2010oral and extra\u2010oral factors that induce oral malodour, as well as the factors associated with systemic diseases. Eighty to ninety percent of halitosis is caused by intra\u2010oral factors, with coated tongue, periodontal diseases and poor oral hygiene practices being the principal factors. Ten to twenty percent of halitosis is induced by extra\u2010oral factors associated with systemic diseases. Multiple factors can cause halitosis, but most of the aetiology is intra\u2010oral. Increased medical awareness is needed to determine the actual pathophysiological process of oral malodour in otherwise healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T03:49:48Z","timestamp":1645760988000},"page":"1432-1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Aetiology and associations of halitosis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Maaz Anwer","family":"Memon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Khyber Medical University  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hifza Anwer","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizan E","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehzad","family":"Fahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khyber Medical University  Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karachi Medical and Dental College  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5577-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ka Yiu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre Department of Health Sciences Mid Sweden University  \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Junaid","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lahore General Hospital  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohaib","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Halitosis: A review of current literature","volume":"84","author":"Armstrong B. 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A review on pathology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"75","author":"Zalewska A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Gastro\u2010Enterologica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13603"}],"container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/odi.14172","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/odi.14172","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/odi.14172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T11:54:39Z","timestamp":1692705279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/odi.14172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/odi.14172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.14172","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14172\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14172\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14172\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14172\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14172\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ODI.14172\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1354-523X","1601-0825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1354-523X","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-0825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}