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Studies published in any language mentioning cancer in patients with NSOC and their relatives and NSOC in patients with cancer and their relatives were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) assessment. After a 2\u2010step selection process, 33 studies were included: 17 case\u2013control studies, 13 cross\u2010sectional studies, and 3 case reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study evaluated 206,096 patients from 20 countries. Of these, 0.35% of patients with cancer (95% CI: 0.0%\u20131.1%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a086%), 3.0% of relatives of patients with cancer (95% CI: 1.19%\u20135.46%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a055%), and 0.26% of controls (95% CI: 0.0%\u20130.83%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a087%) had NSOC. Among the studies that examined the prevalence of cancer, 2.4% (95% CI: 0.0%\u201319.3%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a099%) of patients with NSOC, 15.4% of relatives of patients with NSOC (95% CI: 2.0%\u201337.6%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a099%), and 5.3% of controls (95% CI: 0.0%\u201322.8%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a099%) had cancer. Although no relationship was observed between the risk of cancer in patients with NSOC and the risk of NSOC in patients with cancer, there was an association for an increased risk of cancer in relatives of patients with NSOC (OR: 9.96, 95% CI: 1.55\u201363.99;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01) and a significant association for the NSOC risk in relatives of patients with leukemia (OR: 9.31; 95% CI: 1.13\u201376.67;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate an increased risk of cancer in relatives of patients with NSOC and that relatives of patients with leukemia were more frequently affected by NSOC. Together, these findings can help guide cancer screening in patients with NSOC and their relatives and shed light on the risk of NSOC in families with a history of cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T06:09:07Z","timestamp":1646719747000},"page":"1369-1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Relationship between non\u2010syndromic oral clefts and cancer: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Assis","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis School of Dentistry University of Campinas (FOP\/UNICAMP)  Piracicaba Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies 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