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Vehicle or 4\u2010nitroquinoline1\u2010oxide (50\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) in vehicle were administered in drinking water for 20\u2009weeks, followed by 6\u2009weeks of regular drinking water. Oral lesions were observed weekly. Tongues were studied for histopathologic changes. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to measure cell proliferation (Ki67+), and to quantify expression of folate receptor, reduced folate carrier, and proton\u2010coupled folate transporter. T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were counted and normalized to area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All 4NQO\u2010treated mice developed oral tumors. Dietary folate level did not affect tumor burden. More tumors were observed on the ventral aspect of the tongue than in other locations within the oral cavity. 4\u2010nitroquinoline\u20101\u2010oxide\u2010treated mice displayed 27%\u201346% significantly lower expression of all three folate transport proteins; diet and sex had no effect on folate transporter expression. T\u2010cell and neutrophil infiltration in tongues were 9.1\u2010fold and 18.1\u2010fold increased in the 4\u2010nitroquinoline\u20101\u2010oxide\u2010treated mouse tongues than in controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment with 4NQO was the primary factor in determining cancer development, decreased folate transport expression, and lymphoid cell infiltration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T05:27:12Z","timestamp":1695274032000},"page":"1989-2003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of folate deficiency and sex on carcinogenesis in a mouse model of oral cancer"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Lenore","family":"Pitstick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2268-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Goral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mae J.","family":"Ciancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Pytynia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Bychek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safia","family":"Zidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Shuey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno C.","family":"Jham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine\u2010Illinois Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacalyn M.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies Midwestern University  Downers Grove Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"The significance of p53, Bcl\u20102, and HER\u20102\/neu protein expression in Iraqi females breast cancer cell line (AMJ13)","volume":"10","author":"Alawsi D. 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