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However, the molecular mechanisms concerning the role of insulin resistance in linking T2DM and periodontitis remain poorly elucidated due to the absence of an appropriate T2DM cell model. We aimed to explore an appropriate model of T2DM in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and uncover the involved mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>hPDLSCs were incubated with common reagents for recapitulating insulin resistance state including high glucose (HG) (15, 25, 35, 45\u2009mM), glucosamine (0.8, 8, 18, 28, 38\u2009mM), or palmitic acid (PA; 100, 200, 400, 800\u2009\u03bcM), combined with LPS for 48\u2009h. The insulin signaling pathway, inflammation, and pyroptosis were detected by western blots and quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2013qPCR). The effects on osteogenesis were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red S staining, RT\u2013qPCR, and western blots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HG failed to recapitulate insulin resistance. Glucosamine was sufficient to induce insulin resistance but failed to trigger inflammation. In total, 100 and 200\u2009\u03bcM PA exhibited the most proinflammatory, insulin resistance, and pyroptosis induced role, and inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Palmitic acid is a promising candidate for developing T2DM model in hPDLSCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T15:32:01Z","timestamp":1696519921000},"page":"3363-3375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Validation of a physiological type 2 diabetes model in human periodontal ligament stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Dongqing","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Stomatology Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Stomatology Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuyun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing 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