{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T08:06:50Z","timestamp":1774166810919,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]],"date-time":"2024-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81900494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with metabolic dysfunction\u2010associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) exhibit varying degrees of halitosis. The author speculated that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) might lead to MASLD and subsequent extra\u2010oral halitosis and aimed to test this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cross\u2010sectional study reviewed 885 extra\u2010oral halitosis patients. Halitosis and exhaled dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were measured by organoleptic score (OLS) (0\u20135) and OralChroma, respectively. SIBO and MASLD were diagnosed by hydrogen breath test and Fibroscan combined with cardiometabolic criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 133\/885 (15.05%) of the halitosis patients otherwise healthy had MASLD, while 87\/133 (65.41%) of the MASLD patients were SIBO\u2010positive. No significant differences were observed in physical parameters such as age, serum biochemical parameters such as lipids, or Fibroscan parameters between the SIBO\u2010positive and SIBO\u2010negative patients. However, the OLS was 4 (interquartile range: 3\u20134) and exhaled DMS level was 56 (43\u201375) parts per billion (ppb) in the SIBO\u2010positive patients, significantly greater than 2 (2\u20133) and 43 (25\u201351) ppb in the SIBO\u2010negative patients (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Exhaled hydrogen levels positively correlated with the OLS and exhaled DMS levels (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.774,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.740, both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MASLD can cause halitosis by SIBO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T02:23:30Z","timestamp":1716171810000},"page":"5421-5428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<scp>MASLD<\/scp>\n                    can cause halitosis by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6559-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao Xian","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Halitosis Clinic, Minhang Hospital Fudan University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"No. 3 Internal Medicine Department People's Hospital of Daguan County  Zhaotong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2023.101506"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030564"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i22.3400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245261"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061323"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.823645"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2013.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn501113\u201020230801\u201000026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2304159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784\u2010023\u201005292\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752\u20107163\/ad2213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752\u20107163\/ad2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266\u2010020\u201000576\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u20100825.2011.01890.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61872\/sdj-2014-11-03"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100042\u20101755553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002157"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(94)92729\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752\u20107155\/4\/1\/017003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm\u201022\u20103335"}],"container-title":["Oral 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