{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:23:20Z","timestamp":1784773400646,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trimethylamine N\u2010oxide (TMAO) is a compound involved in the pathogenesis of various systemic inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular conditions. The aim of this study was to determine differences in saliva and serum levels of TMAO between periodontitis and healthy patients according to smoking status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included four systemically healthy groups: periodontally healthy non\u2010smokers (NS\u2010Control; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925), non\u2010smokers with Stage\u2010III\u2010Grade\u2010B periodontitis (NS\u2010Periodontitis; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925), periodontally healthy smokers (S\u2010Control; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925), and smokers with Stage\u2010III Grade\u2010C periodontitis (S\u2010Periodontitis; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925). Periodontal parameters were recorded. TMAO levels were determined in saliva and serum samples using liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were measured by the ELISA method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Salivary TNF\u2010\u03b1 and TMAO levels were significantly elevated in the smoking periodontitis group compared to other groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, respectively). Serum TMAO levels were also significantly higher in the smoking periodontitis group compared to non\u2010smoking controls and non\u2010smoking periodontitis. TMAO\/SFR ratios were notably higher in the smoking periodontitis group compared to other groups, and a strong positive correlation was observed between salivary TMAO and TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.892, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data suggested that TMAO and TNF\u2010\u03b1 are associated with inflammatory mechanisms of periodontitis in cases where periodontitis coexists with smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>NCT06580431<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1738218212000},"page":"2282-2292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trimethylamine N\u2010Oxide (<scp>TMAO<\/scp>) and <scp>TNF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b1 Levels in Periodontal Disease Associated With Smoking"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ipek","family":"Bal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur","family":"Balci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Sorguc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Health Sciences Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilal Uslu","family":"Toygar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Istanbul Medipol University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceyhan C.","family":"Serdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine Ankara Medipol University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivge","family":"Kurgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Ankara University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhittin A.","family":"Serdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Acibadem University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Relationship Between Smoking and Periodontal Probing Pocket Depth Profile","volume":"32","author":"Adler L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Swedish Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133781"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12228"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cekici A. 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