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Compared to healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009120 swabs from 61 patients), who were less likely to smoke and had better oral health, OLK patients exhibited an increased abundance of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Rothia mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Streptococcus parasanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S. salivarius<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        ,\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      resembling acetaldehyde generating communities described previously. Compared to the patients' healthy contralateral normal (CLN) mucosa (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009202), which acts as a matched control for oral health parameters, OLK exhibited increased\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>S. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Leptotrichia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Bergeyella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Machine learning with clinical and microbiome data could discriminate high\u2010risk dysplasia (moderate to severe) from low\u2010risk dysplasia (none or mild) (sensitivity 87.4%; specificity 76.5%). Follow\u2010up swabs were recovered from 58 patients, eight of whom progressed to a higher grade of dysplasia or OSCC and these eight patients exhibited a higher abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species at their initial presentation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study suggests that the OLK microbiome has potential to be an aid to the prediction of dysplasia grade and the risk of malignant transformation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T03:32:06Z","timestamp":1738639926000},"page":"1704-1716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Oral Leukoplakia Microbiome Predicts the Degree of Dysplasia and is Shaped by Smoking and Tooth Loss"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sheila","family":"Galvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Dublin Dental University Hospital and School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahman","family":"Honari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biosciences Dublin Dental University Hospital and School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sviatlana","family":"Anishchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Dublin Dental University Hospital and School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0583-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire M.","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Dublin Dental University Hospital and School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0469-1788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary P.","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biosciences Dublin Dental University Hospital and School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13810"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02391"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1743066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.663068"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1695494"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00127-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-018-0457-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00187-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315380537"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"Fox J. 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