{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:09:06Z","timestamp":1776276546373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82170951,82001065,82122015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170951,82001065,82122015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7222079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7222079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren's disease (SjD) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal T helper (Th) cell distribution in the salivary glands (SGs). Although nitrate can regulate immune responses and preserve SGs function, its preventive effects on SjD remain unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonobese diabetic (NOD)\/Ltj mice were used as a secondary Sj\u00f6gren's disease (sSjD) animal model. From 6 to 16\u2009weeks of age, the mice received either sodium nitrate (2\u2009mM) in drinking water (SjD\u2009+\u2009Nit group) or sodium chloride (SjD\u2009+\u2009NaCl group). Salivary flow rates were recorded biweekly, and submandibular glands were collected at 16\u2009weeks for histological analysis. Th subsets ratios were determined using flow cytometry, and mRNA sequencing was used to explore nitrate's preventive mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nitrate pretreatment preserved salivary function and reduced lymphocyte infiltration. T cell related genes were downregulated, while salivary function genes were upregulated. Differentiation pathways for Th cell subsets were downregulated in the SjD\u2009+\u2009Nit group, and nitrate modulated the abnormal balance of Th cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the SGs, and peripheral blood, suppressing the NF\u2010\u03bab pathway of sSjD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preventive nitrate administration may preserve SG function, rebalance Th cells, and suppress NF\u2010\u03baB pathway, offering a potential treatment for SjD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.70004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T15:24:32Z","timestamp":1750087472000},"page":"3323-3335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nitrate Prevents Sj\u00f6gren's Disease by Modulating T Helper Cells via\n                    <scp>NF<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>\u03baB<\/scp>\n                    Pathway Suppression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Conglin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing 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Beijing Stomatological Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Capital Medical University School of Stomatology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing 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